24.The historian Frederick J. Turner wrote in the 1890’s that theagrarian discontent that had been developing steadily in the UnitedStates since about 1870 had been precipitated by the closing of theinternal frontier——that is,the depletion of available new land neededfor further expansion of the American farming system. $ U' d( b/ u/ g- Z0 j7 p' ?# V 史学家弗雷德里克·杰·特纳(FrederickJ.Turner)于十九世纪九十年代著述道,美国约自18世纪70年代以来一直在持续不断发展的农民不满,由于国内边远地区(internalfrontier)的封闭而更趋加剧——亦即是说,美国农业系统进一步扩展所必需的可资利用的新土地几近耗竭。 8 m" f' ` {9 z
25.In the early 1950’s,historians who studied preindustrial Europe(which we may define here as Europe in the period from roughly 1300 to1800) began, for the first time in large numbers,to investigate moreof the preindustrial European population than the 2 or 3 percent whocomprised the political and social elite:thekings,generals,judges,nobles,bishops,and local magnates who hadhitherto usually filled history books. ! F, P! A, X1 B! A+ c
二十世纪五十年代早期,研究前工业化时代欧洲(此处我们可将其界定为约自1300年至1800年这一时期的欧洲)的史学家,首次以众多的人数,开始调查前工业化时代欧洲人口中的大多数,而非那些构成了政治与社会精英阶层的百分之二或三的人口,即国王、将军、法官、贵族、主教、以及地方上的达官显贵,而正是这部分人一直到那时为止普遍充斥于史学著作。