根据强对比层次的不同,大体上将其分为:简单明示强对比、时间壮语强对比和优缺点强对比。下面就此进行具体分析:
8 @! P1 T% [* y, y3 \ 1. 简单明示强对比
! o9 u! F! ~; Q/ w7 o' j: R 这类强对比属于普通的强对比,如文中说“A, unlike B; “C, in contrast to D, is…”等,这些都是明示强对比。下面我们用一个例子来具体说明:2 A2 p: ]% j+ K; A9 X: V% b# \/ d$ n
Promising as it is for minority businesses, this increased patronage poses dangers for them, too. First, minority firms risk expanding too fast and overextending themselves financially, since most are small concerns and, unlike large businesses, they often need to make substantial investments in new plants, staff, equipment, and the like in order to perform work subcontracted to them……
6 {/ i# x) ]5 E5 U& W The passage suggests that the failure of a large business to have its bids for subcontracts result quickly in orders might cause it to_____- W# ? z' Y/ R) h ]! w
(A) experience frustration but not serious financial harm
0 e6 L) k. K, z: z (B) face potentially crippling fixed expenses) N3 E4 S$ g. W$ w! q) V
(C) have to record its efforts on forms filed with the government
4 J' ? t h o- D (D) increase its spending with minority subcontractors
7 _1 t0 N6 @/ K! c7 a) k2 f (E) revise its procedure for making bids for federal contracts and subcontracts
3 X" f6 M6 k# I3 H2 ]3 q4 o5 K) t- t 分析:1 O3 [0 j! C" z p" { Q2 q) |
在原文中,并没有提到大企业投标失败会如何,但是文中提到了小企业的情况,标志性的词语是unlike large businesses, 这就表明文中进行了强对比,通过这句话,“since most are small concerns and, unlike large businesses, they often need to make substantial investments in new plants, staff, equipment, and the like in order to perform work subcontracted to them”,我们知道,小企业将会有财政和士气上的风险。根据这样的对比关系,大企业的情况应该与小企业的情况相反,所以,正确答案应该是A. 即“大企业会有一些波折,但是没有致命的财政影响”。4 Q, D" o# ], y( N( W
2. 时间壮语强对比+ g5 N' c/ \$ V7 F9 ^
题干中问A时间有什么特征,原文中没有明说,但给了A的强对比时间B的特征,将B的特点取非,即是A的特征。通常情况下,在一篇文章开始,或者一个理论刚刚提出的时候,如果出现了时间壮语,则是出题率很高的一处语言点。如,now, new, nowadays, current ideas…和过去形成强对比;once, until recently, past…和现在形成强对比。如果给出一个不早不晚的明确时间,如in 1960’s,那么和它之前、之后比较都有可能。. |. f/ B- Q8 j- u; G0 _( ~$ p1 u
下面以举一个具体事例:
6 L' ^1 Q& _; E L. [6 R" M- k* d. Z In the early 1950’s, historians who studied pre-industrial Europe (which we may define here as Europe in the period from roughly 1300 to 1800) began, for the first time in large numbers, to investigate more of the pre-industrial European population than the 2 or 3 percent who comprised the political and social elite: the kings, generals, judges, nobles, bishops, and local magnates who had hitherto usually filled history books. ……
. k# f9 |7 l/ @# h$ c One way out of this dilemma was to run to the records of legal courts, for here the voices of the non-elite can most often be heard, as witnesses, plaintiffs, and defendants. These documents have acted as “a point of entry into the mental world of the poor.” Historians such as Le Roy Ladurie have used the documents to extract case histories, which have illuminated the attitudes of different social group (these attitudes include, but are not confined to, attitudes toward crime and the law) and have revealed how the authorities administered justice. ……* H8 d# `6 R0 u* h6 a, |
The extraction of case histories is not, however, the only use to which court records may be put. Historians who study pre-industrial Europe have used the records to establish a series or categories of crime and to quantify indictments that were issued over a given number of years. ……
% G D8 R' F2 A- H6 } The author suggests that, before the early 1950’s, most historians who studied pre-industrial Europe did which of the following?
5 P# ?6 {& u+ o8 u5 S3 g" J' s (A) failed to make distinctions among members of the pre-industrial European political and social elite
/ L7 B) L: Y$ V4 L8 \& | (B) used investigatory methods that were almost exclusively statistical in nature; R+ v" J1 {4 {, ]2 w# W6 }: R
(C) inaccurately estimated the influence of the pre-industrial European political and social elite
+ X7 ?% j# @0 h4 t ~' O (D) confined their work to a narrow range of the pre-industrial European population( u4 R" _- P b' K6 e* K! N
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(E) tended to rely heavily on birth, marriage and death records |