职称英语常考从句解析：定语从句

会计考友

　　一、考点聚焦
  ^5 q$ l% G& N; U2 r　　1、功能：相当于形容词，修饰名词或代词，在句中作定语
+ q2 B# u2 G2 _　　2、位置：定语从句置于被修饰词之后
8 w3 p5 W7 M2 H$ \/ }" _　　Those who are willing to attend the party, sign here please.
5 D# w4 B! P4 ]$ c& J9 [! x　　3、先行词：被定语从句修饰的词称为先行词
9 M- z1 R, Z0 F　　（1）先行词一般是名词和不定代词，如:some-, any-, every-和no与-boy, -thing的合成词；或all、none、any、some、that、those等代词。数词也可以作先行词，人称代词也同样可作先行词。
　　（2）先行词与关系词是等量关系。必须注意两点：
' b  @% }% Y3 l9 J　　①先行词在从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的数由先行词而定。
' ^2 {! M" @! h& D( T　　This is the place which is worth visiting.
0 F& ?2 K  R) M) |& q　　②关系词在从句句子中充当了成分，其意思就是先行词的意义，所以在从句中不能重复其意。
) @$ l3 |# F* a, b　　There are many places we can visit（them）in China.
; K3 C/ C1 g) n3 u! Z+ G　　4、关系词：引导定语从句的都称关系词
　　关系代词：who, whom, which, that, whose, as。
; s7 _1 X8 P+ s9 e　　关系副词：when, where, why。that偶尔也作关系副词。
$ i# V* e0 n4 A# I. o0 S　　5、确定关系词的步骤
　　（1）先找关系词，看先行词指的是什么。
　　（2）看关系词在从句中所充当的成分。
5 D( T# U* q" `3 C; R( C9 o　　6、在定语从句中，当先行词指物时，下列情况的关系词宜用that而不用which
　　（1）先行词被①形容词最高级 ②序数词 ③数词几种词修饰或被 ④only、any、few、little、  no、all、one of等修饰时。
: n4 n( Y/ K- [+ G7 y" U3 A　　（2）先行词为all、much、little、none、few、one、something、anything等不定代词时。
　　（3）先行词中既有人又有物时。
2 e8 r$ p: C* j6 y/ c2 ?7 w　　He was looking pleasantly at te children and parcels that filled his bus.
　　（4）先行词在主句中作表语关系词在从句中作表语时。
　　The village is no longer the one that was 5 years ago.
1 G* T" t, ]( R2 ~　　（5）当主句中含有疑问词which时。
　　Which are the books that you bought for me ?
; u6 F0 n. k: E  e! @5 H$ z　　7、宜用which而不用that的情况
  U( C! s4 W* }　　（1）在非限制性定语从句中
$ e( M1 ]: X" c+ F　　（2）在关系词前有介词时
" o6 `( d! i* S( {9 d: D- b, ^$ C　　（3）当先行词本身是that时
　　（4）当关系词离先行词较远时
# b' \1 p% q2 I  w6 m　　8、关系词who与that指人时，也有不同情况分别用不同的关系词
　　（1）当主句是there be句型时，关系词用who。
4 B" q& F$ z1 j. @: o9 C: u! I) x　　（2）先行词是为anyone、those、someone、everyone、one等词时，关系词用who。
- _& m1 M  O5 y' f　　（3）当主句是who作疑问词时，关系词用that。
　　Who is that girl that is standing by the window?
' J* a6 a0 o5 B2 s1 R　　（4）whom在从句中只作宾语，可被who取代。
　　9、whose作关系词既指人又指物，在从句中作定语。如：
% W5 j; p: P' `+ M0 S+ n6 z7 o　　Do you know Mr.Smith whose story is very moving ?
　　There is a room, whose window faces the river.
　　There is a room, the window of which faces the river.
9 u; y! t6 Z0 u. x( b- }　　10、关系代词as,在从句中作主语、宾语和表语。
6 k& j5 h9 x4 N& _　　（1）先行词被such和the same修饰，或句型as many（much）中，从句都用as 引导。
% c/ G9 x& j' K, L( M　　Such books as you bought are useful.
( n* ]8 O4 j* o! H' G+ ]4 Z# p　　The school is just the same as it was 10 years age.
( _% J1 I7 F! B# N& V　　注意：区别①such … that … 引导的结果状语从句。They are such
6 u" K' ?! g+ {( W/ e　　lovely children that we love them much.②the same … that … 引导定语从句。I want to use the same tool that you used just now.
0 D( m$ ^' }9 a　　（2）无先行词的定语从句用as和which引导。
7 s: c: g# U4 |8 y0 b) s　　区别：①意义上：as 含有“这点正如……一样”。②位置上：as 从句可置句首，也可在另处。
: B+ y4 E5 p  o0 e% t! o( m4 c# ~　　He didn’t pass the exam, as we had expected.
6 |3 V8 j3 c8 c4 Y" v　　There is lots of air in loose snow, which can keep the cold out.
　　As is known, the earth is round, not flat.
, c3 t" f' `! T/ q1 V　　11、关系副词when与where、why、that
　　when 指时间 = in / at / on / during which
　　where指地点 = in / at / from / which
　　why指原因 = for which
　　当先行词为way、day、reason、time时，可用that作关系副词。（非正式场合）
　　I don’t like the way that / in which / he talks.
/ }& G* w) @3 G1 k1 k* O　　当time作先行词时，关系词可以省掉。
　　This is the first time I have given you a lesson in French.
- ~& \& Y5 j$ k+ w　　12、必须注意的问题
　　（1）关系词作主语时，从句中谓语的数。
　　（2）注意区别定语从句与强调句。
　　①定语从句中关系词作从句成分，复合句。
( X& R; A- B- w- ~- r; q8 _  U% U　　②强调it无意义，that / who不是引导词。
% C; i  e: w+ h% i! D　　③强调it is / was和that / who后如果句子意思讲得通则是强调句，讲不通则不是。
　　It is the museum that / which we visited last year.(定语从句)
' X5 n" b3 b0 I3 S　　It was in the hotel that we stayed last night.（强调句）
　　（3）定语从句与同位语从句的区别。
3 v9 L. ^6 X6 b) A7 P$ [1 g　　①定语从句引导词被称为关系词，that充当主语、宾语、表语。有时可省略。
　　②同位语从句引导词被叫做连词，that不能充当任何成分，不可省。
　　Word came that their army was defeated.(同位语)
　　We expressed to them our wish that was the same as their.(定语)
　　（4）关系词在从句中省略的情况。
　　①关系词作宾语，前无介词时。
) F+ x8 x9 R/ r" H2 g0 m8 D　　②关系词作表语。
* o$ m" D1 Z- W: {　　（5）限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的翻译。
4 M$ M6 I: [+ k  E2 Z" z　　（6）关系词前有介词或复杂介词，关系词只能是which和whom。
# o- C/ g& M& s% ?- B3 M: S) S　　（7）几个特殊的定语从句句型：
　　①He is the only one of the students who has got very good marks in the match.（句中one为先行词）
: f2 ~5 b( m3 |　　He is one of the students who have got good marks in the match.（句中students为先行词）
  l* W' ~$ y4 P" W3 K; B  D　　②Is this place the one (that) we visited yesterday?
7 X( E( L6 b4 |! O: }- V& K! W　　Is this the place(that / which)we visited yesterday ?
　　③He stood at the window, from where he could see what was happening.
　　④It may rain, in which case the match will be put off.
# C  g- w7 t+ k* Y3 G( F9 F　　二、精典名题导解
% o* g* M$ f6 K3 _& {- t0 `　　选择填空：
　　1. The film brought the hours back to me _________ I was taken good care of in that faraway village.
　　A.until
4 A* L: R6 a( J$ v1 k; e$ a  S　　B.that
　　C.when
　　D.where
　　解析：答案为C。本题考查分隔定语从句的关系词的选择。作好本题的关键是要能辨认出该定语从句的先行词the hours和关系词被介词短语to me所分隔。定语从句的先行词是表时间的名词hours, 并且关系词在从句中用作状语，故应选择表示时间的关系副词when。
　　2. ___________ is known to everybody, the noon travels around the earth once every month.
7 O+ i+ A4 B' a) z" a% C　　A.It
1 b2 C% V6 a" P) F3 h2 _/ O　　B.As
　　C.That
" O- g3 O: [% k) c, v  ~, D0 K! q　　D.What
　　解析：答案为B。本题考查as引导的非限制定语从句。as作“正如……”解释，引导的非限制性定语从句来修饰整个句子。当as在从句中作主语时，常用于下列短语：as is known、as is said、as is reported、as is announced等。要注意掌握作关系代词引导定语从句的用法。
　　3. After living in Pairs for fifty years he returned to the small town ___________ he grew up as a child.
* F* M' s% J: X0 S5 a; @* c　　A.which
　　B.where
　　C.that
  V  B; u& x( x, J) \- k/ B& }7 [　　D.when
3 W& V$ g, o7 [. c　　解析：答案为B。本题考查限制性定语从句中关系词的选择。定语从句的先行词是表示地点的名词短语the small town, 且关系词不作定语从句中的主语和宾语而作地点状语，因此定语从句必须用关系副词where引导。要注意分清先行词在从句中充当的成分，然后选择适当的关系词。