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[英语] 考研英语语法重难点精解(9):代词(二)

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发表于 2012-7-20 22:31:03 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式
  五、指示代词, U7 \( r% r2 B- T0 M

1 |1 `2 m/ M% N+ e) X  (一)this,that和these,those
4 C+ _2 G9 M) z# m: D' h3 `' ^1 N  指示代词this和that的复数形式分别为these和those,在句中可作主语、宾语、表语和定语,this和these表示较近的空间或时间,that和those表示较远的空间和时间。
2 w1 W; ]" k% N, \/ t  例句: In the past, most foresters have been men, but today, the number of women pursuing this field is climbing.* M1 D- p  M! [$ o( K0 _) h5 d
  分析: 该句是并列句。
# J- F# X4 g# ]9 w3 m  译文: 过去林业工人多半是男人,可如今从事这一行业的妇女人数在增加。
& I; O7 k1 M$ I0 e  例句: We are obliged to them because some of these languages have since vanished, as the peoples who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages. (2004年第62题): U9 g6 P  q4 f
  分析: 该句是复合句,主句为We are obliged to them。because引导一个状语从句,定语从句who spoke them修饰the peoples,as引导的句子可以看做插入语,补充说明 some of these languages have since vanished的原因。
0 @( @9 l5 i6 K1 a; r  译文: 我们之所以感激他们(两位先驱),是因为在此以后,这些语言中有一些已经不复存在了,这是由于使用这些语言的民族或是消亡了,或是被同化而丧失了自己的本族语言。6 T" {* n- c6 a2 E. E

& C9 S+ x* B4 {  (二)指示代词that和those也可用于比较结构,表示前面提到的东西,避免重复
# {4 @$ P( H6 G6 {/ A+ o  例句: The number of registered participants in this years marathon was half that of last years. (1996年第7题)0 q0 k$ p$ @7 T5 K& q  K
  分析: 该句是简单句,本句的主语是单数名词number,因此后面指代它的代词只能是单数that,谓语用单数。
, D! o- G% W" t' I. b  k  译文: 今年登记参加马拉松赛跑的人数是去年的一半。
4 n3 Y/ W: k. U, f- B  例句: His function is analogous to that of a judge, who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a matter as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision. (2006年第47题); h3 @* X# [1 X6 T* S( {
  分析: 该句是复合句,主句为His function is analogous to that of a judge。定语从句who must accept...修饰a judge,介词短语in as obvious a matter as possible作状语,用来说明reveal的方式,另一个定语从句which led him to his decision修饰the course of reasoning。
& W* `2 N+ j/ y) W2 H  译文: 他的职责与法官相似,必须承担这样的责任: 用尽可能明了的方式来展示自己作出决定的推理过程。
" W' n# C+ b5 q2 O7 W: S  例句: These bunches of flowers are more beautiful than those we bought yesterday.; a4 b' s' {" e4 a& f
  译文: 这些束花比昨天我们买的那些花漂亮多了。
% P% X4 A- i5 k- d# l, s1 l0 g1 Y! N
0 ]! i1 W& v3 o, w  \. b  (三)指示代词such在句中作主语、表语和定语2 Z2 s. v( I' d/ G
  例句: Such is what you want me to do.! P' p9 F" m! n1 \' I1 Q6 |- m
  Such are the meanings of authentic love.
+ {  k3 ?- `9 Q$ K  (such作表语时,往往置于句首)5 f6 `# E$ S: A
  注意: such用作定语时和副词so的区别在前面副词一节中已提到。( C: C! L0 Q9 U4 G' `0 g4 N( h
' F* h6 l- r& D: P
  (四)指示代词same的用法/ c" c$ z# h$ S1 ^0 g
  在句中作主语、宾语、表语和定语,其前与定冠词the连用。# I! o2 [/ |- W' Y* P0 Z
  例句: Vitamins are similar because they are made of the same elements—usually carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and sometimes nitrogen. (选自1996年Cloze Test)
3 l3 ?/ w) m, U/ L5 z  T  分析: 该句是复合句。
% V" C& E; M) h% v7 @: a  译文: 因为是由同样的元素构成——通常是碳、氢、氧,有时还有氮,所以各种维生素都很相似。
. [1 j4 R' }' J
% l' [) ^* y$ ]! K; E( L  六、疑问代词9 o, K5 A0 ?4 q  }
  疑问代词用来构成特殊疑问句,其中who(whom/whose)指人,what指物,which指选择对象。& ?8 n% w% r' R% ^7 |& T
  例句: Whats the difference between love and fondness or what is the nature of luck and coincidence? (选自2007年Text 2)
5 {6 |3 A/ B" N+ c3 A' p  分析: 该句是由or连接的两个简单句(特殊疑问句)。
6 `! |5 O9 s# h1 g6 q* O( Z/ o  译文: 爱情与喜欢有什么区别,幸运和巧合的本质是什么?
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  七、关系代词3 A# Q9 @+ O" g4 V
  关系代词包括who(whom,whose),that和which。that只能引导限制性定语从句,其他关系代词既可引导限制性定语从句也可引导非限制性定语从句,具体用法详见定语从句一节。
0 e+ T8 ^( s/ d& [/ K# O6 g1 Z( ~  [1 Y( l) f2 T. |6 F
  八、不定代词
  r# G. G2 S9 k6 z6 L  (一)both,all" a: ^4 o( t9 ^& |* e3 m
& z1 @  z8 [# U. F
  1. both用于两者,all用于三者及三者以上,其后接名词复数形式,谓语动词用复数,在句中可作主语、宾语、定语和同位语。' v/ b& ?4 T: p4 I& Q) y$ ~* y
  例句: Similar elements in the prehistoric remains from both areas suggest that Indians and their neighbors had maintained distant but real connections even before 1,500 BC.
9 @- ?' l; u- E8 x- D9 t) d  分析: 该句是复合句,suggest是主句的谓语动词,that Indians and their neighbors...是一个宾语从句。: Y8 e' R# W4 o' d0 k0 C- M
  译文: 来自两个地区的史前遗迹中的类似成分表明: 印度人和他们的邻居甚至在公元前1500年前就维持着遥远但真实的联系。
* S% o) }* ?& K) g" a  例句: In the early industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization—with all the farreaching changes in social patterns that followed—was spread over nearly a century, whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so. (2000年第74题)( X" b, l: G' M" g# C% N
  分析: 该句是并列复合句,whereas连接两个并列分句,其中前一个分句的主句部分为the process of industrialization was spread over nearly a century,而介词短语with...为主语补足语,定语从句that followed修饰changes。6 {7 n. ^9 z! g' u9 u$ g- ~% l: j
  译文: 在早先实现工业化的欧洲国家中,其工业化进程以及随之而来的对社会结构有深远影响的变革延续了将近一个世纪,而现如今,一个发展中国家只用十年左右的时间就可以经历同样的过程。
# K+ U# Z3 s+ a' o; i& y! W5 T; w1 y- ?) B/ \& R+ m
  2. all作代词时,其后谓语动词可以是单数也可以是复数。
) ?1 L# Q1 F$ Z3 {  O  例句: All the information we have collected in relation to that case adds up to very little.4 [% o: N6 X& J% Z* T
  分析: 该句是复合句,其中主干部分是All the information...adds up to very little,we have collected in relation to that case 是修饰the information的定语从句。% g1 y# B4 U; n) i& B  n) p
  译文: 我们搜集到的与那件事有关的所有信息都是没有意义的。
3 f- _* ?( v$ ~. u3 G7 {+ X  例句: All but he and I are going to attend the meeting.% X6 k7 ~8 e! T  E4 @
  译文: 除了我和他之外,所有人都去开会了。
' p- u  u6 R  i  3. both,all,every和not连用时表示部分否定。
& |% s9 S) B- h/ h, E$ v5 G  a2 z  例句 :But not all parts of the brain are equally involved; the limbic system(the“emotional brain”) is especially active, while the prefrontal cortex (the center of intellect and reasoning) is relatively quiet. (选自2005年Text 3)! I5 e- z$ T: C* `
  分析: 该句是由分号及while连接的并列句,分号相当于连词and,not all...表示部分否定。/ {# c, {" K0 `8 l( ?6 t" I* P3 w% z
  译文: 但并不是大脑的所有部分都参与活动,控制情绪的大脑部位异常活跃,然而控制智力和推理能力的前额皮质却相对平静。+ Q+ t# L; `" L: K3 H# @( s
  例句: Not everyone sees that process in perspective. (选自2002年Use of English)
3 u  L6 n1 ~0 R$ X/ _  分析: 该句是简单句。: ]1 s7 M/ w, J& I6 A% u& A& r3 Q
  译文: 不是每个人都能正确看待这个过程。
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