2011英语四级考试语法讲义：词语的搭配

会计考友

　　不管是从句法或修辞角度看，词语的搭配，都占据重要的位置，不可不察。
　　一般上说，下列这些场合中的词语要配合好，句子的结构才会和谐，词语才会相称：
　　① 主语—动词
　　② 动词—宾语
　　③ 修饰语—词类
# N# f% ?2 y" s# m8 J* ^% w. m% p　　④ 形容词—名词
* p; d4 y. C6 D; k) F, E　　⑤ 副词—动词
# _4 ]$ s! z" B* j　　⑥ 形容词分句—先行词
+ O) q8 `. V4 e( D& Y0 v7 j　　词语的搭配，对学习中英文的人来说尤其重要，因为中英文在词语的搭配上有同有异。例如英语同一个动词“wear”，可以和不同的名词宾语搭配，如：WEAR+shoes/ clothes/ spectacles等。中文就不行；中文的“穿”只能和“衣鞋”连用，“眼镜”就要改为“戴”了。
　　再举“cut”为例。英语里可以说“CUT+ grass/ finger-nails/ a tooth/ prices/ a stone figure/ a record”。在中文里“cut”（割）只能和“草”连用；其他的名词宾语，就需要别的动词，如：剪指甲、出牙齿、减价、雕刻石像、灌录唱片。
　　同样道理，中文里同一个动词，英语里却需要不同动词，如：
　　“风萧萧、雨萧萧、马萧萧、树萧萧”——the wind whistled, the rain pattered, the horse neighed, the tree murmured.
　　在英语的错误中，词语的搭配不是严重的一类，但也时有出现。例如①a里的动词“harmed”和主语“houses”不合；②里的宾语“knowledge”及“experience”和动词“exercise”格格不入；③a里的修饰语“upset”和被修饰的名词“eyes”很不相称。把它们改为①b、②b和③b之后，词语间的搭配就很舒畅了：
　　①a. Many houses in the low-lying area were harmed by the floods.
  V! \* m) _, i, Y8 w, T　　b. Many houses in the low-lying area were damaged by the floods.
　　②a. This will give you an opportunity to exercise your knowledge and experience.
& R* Z. M% \9 L7 p) c8 y4 m　　b. This will give you an opportunity to use/ make use of your knowledge and experience.
　　③a. Upset by the thick smoke, Susan's eyes were filled with tears.
　　b. Irritated by the thick smoke, Susan's eyes were filled with tears.
　　现在请看看下列各句中都有个不相称的词语，改正后，才顺口：
! I5 v: N* P" W　　④ The authorities preferred to educate dog owners rather than jeopardise them for every little transgression. （penalise/punish）
　　⑤ Anyone charged with skyrocketing a political regime will be severely dealt with. （dismantling/disintegrating）
　　⑥ Weapons easily become slipshod and the need to acquire new arms can be very ruinous to national coffers. （obsolete/outmoded）
　　⑦ Good health is especically vital to old people who are prone to anticipatory diseases. （degenerative）
$ X' c' h5 C) V6 {  ?# N　　⑧ Some people are sanguine about the situation and think that the scandal would soon blow over without severe misery of the present political system. （dislocation/dysfunction）