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[四级词汇语法] 英语四级考试语法TO的妙用

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发表于 2012-8-14 00:30:10 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式
曾经有朋友问我:“I look forward to hear from you soon” 对,还是“I look forward to hearing from you soon” 对。我说后者对,前者错。他说,为什么“to”后面的动词可以有“-ing”呢?
8 }) G  A  d% I. m  这问题很有意思,相信其他人也会这样问。4 D: a! z3 Z, p
  这问题就是今天的话题了。  h- ?" v( d3 m" M( U+ ]' k
  大家知道,“to”是不定式动词(Infinitives)的标志,如:to come, to go, to eat, to sleep, to play, to work, to sing, to take等等。2 v2 q% D# ~$ a3 \
  不定式动词是英语三种无限定动词(Non-finite verbs)中的一种。它的主要功能包括协助组成动词句型。例如:
3 A' Y' g$ t! a' O- I1 n+ A  1. 主语+动词+不定式动词/短语0 G6 G& e8 v# h+ @3 U' H
  (1) Helen likes to sing.* }$ u5 q2 b- h. S$ n# F4 P* O
  (2) The man wants to see you.
' f* I7 @8 ?5 a, M0 Z9 B  2. 主语+动词+宾语+不定式动词/短语
# z0 @9 D* h+ Y& O. s4 z3 Z1 L& S  (3) Jack advised me to come.
: {, k% k7 @% W# ?: l  (4) She asked the boy to go out with his brother.
3 Q! p1 |4 _  }) @& e  3. 主语+动词+宾语+不带“to”不定式动词/短语
) y: Z2 b# n' \+ j  x  (5) We all heard them laugh.
$ p$ Z7 |+ T8 s2 I& n8 X$ e, m7 r, p  (6) They saw the leaves fall down.
8 `% Q. u7 n5 x- q& v6 Z$ \  (7) Did you notice the old man rush to the bus stop?9 }, M9 @! L8 f  U# D$ h7 d
  (5)-(7)里的“langh, fall, rush”都是不带“to”的不定式动词或短语。
( M, i7 F& U1 E4 q' @3 E* \- H0 M  此外,当不定式动词在助动词或情态动词后面时,也是不带“to”的。例如:3 t9 j( M$ x' Q/ H; P9 j( S' h" P
  (8) John will come soon.; w' A* m6 E* w9 C$ B' b7 J$ M+ K
  (9) Shall I go with them?$ {5 I' K* i2 S- U/ G
  (10) You may quit whenever you wish.
* |2 }& }( v, k& _  (11) We must not eat too much meat.6 F3 Q! c. n; u7 `* C
  (12) Tony wished his friends could help him.
! v  A7 e1 r& b4 u  不管带“to”与否,不定式动词的性质是不变的。
  I# F8 B3 L6 {  “To”的另一个功能是当介词,性质和“at, in, on, for, with”等一样,只是形式和不定式动词的标志一样而已。正因为样貌相似,介词“to”在某些句式中常被误以为是不定式动词中的“to”而引起用法上的错讹。文章开头提到的“hear”和“hearing”之争,便是最好的例子。
0 j( `5 W( J+ X; y" E6 |  须知“look forward to” 是个片语动词,这里的“to”是个介词,后面要带宾语(object)(即名词、代词或动名词),如“I look forward to your reply. / …… it. / …… hearing from you.”
. ?6 |5 J, m- v& R  下面这句情况一样,所以(13) a 错,(13) b对:
  A$ O+ B4 X9 l, m1 z  (13) a. Are you used to live in a hot country like Singapore?
3 t2 s4 y7 H1 e' U  (13) b. Are you used to living in a hot country like Singapore?
* g$ R( _5 _3 l1 V. V$ M  根据这原理,下列这些惯用语中的“to” 都是介词,不是不定式动词的标志。既然是介词,就要有宾语:; Z: Y' V1 k% t# I" d* x
  (14) Do you object to(反对)picnicking on every weekend?# @9 b! w1 G1 y5 F' u& k
  (15) Many people learn English with a view to(目的是)getting a good job.
5 T! @3 T% B+ `1 U" V0 W  (16) A good government often devotes itself to(致力于) giving the people a good life.4 {7 A: v+ l$ S) r
  (17) You must not confine yourself to(局限于)talking about your own achievements./ R5 R* N4 H7 w, ]
  (18) Jason prefers working hard to(喜欢) doing nothing.
) [* ^& S- t% ]9 h1 c  (19) Kelvin is addicted to(沉溺于) smoking.7 a' z3 _1 Z/ w1 P
  (20) Qi is much given to(热衷)playing outdoor games.
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