现在我们要来学习情态动词+完成时的用法,当然包括了大家最关心的虚拟语气.
% \2 Q7 H' z, q; c7 W# H2 x# |5 a 1. may和might+ 动词完成式3 p6 b9 W G* I9 d! s6 G
此结构用于推测过去的行为。例如:* _$ e3 Z( t$ _" s# F' u
She said that he might have missed the plane.她说他可能误了航班。 7 ?% }: p4 r. @
2. can和could+ 动词完成式5 O( b9 o8 \) O: `& E
A. 表示过去能做而没做的事,有一种对过去未付诸实施的事情的惋惜。例如:
& ~9 J/ L$ y' v D! B In those circumstances we could have done better.$ z; y, b) u1 m; n$ \3 [
在那样的情况下,我们本来可以做得更好的。(但没有做得更好)- S2 A0 z+ z2 E2 J
B. 推测过去的某种行动。
& o7 m$ r0 e+ z5 x6 \$ o0 v% v Where can /could she have gone? 她可能到哪里去了呢?' r- R |* @! o* ^
The boy can’t have finished reading the book so soon because it is difficult even to an adult.& D4 ], x; @4 R0 d k" c
这孩子不可能那么快就把这本书读完的,因为即使对一个成人来说,这本书也是相当难的。
2 o4 T' _! m: e. m4 E) \5 ]1 _ Note:
! A+ M Q1 |8 a3 U1 m" f3 Q can’t和couldn’t+ 动词原形可以用来表示否定推断。例如:; }. O+ s/ B7 m* ?2 u0 `
He can’t be over fifty.他不可能超过50岁。
, G4 V: b4 D+ i3 ^: B( G* N7 k9 s 3.must +动词完成式
2 ^' d9 F! q9 N0 Z5 t+ o- \: ] 表示对过去行为的推断,具有较大的可能性,意为“一定…,想必…”。例如:
# P/ ^$ a) V% v- _; _: N2 b5 ^ She must have gone through a lot.
$ E# j _& r. O" H 她一定吃过很多苦。
$ H& S" r q" Z! V5 {. R Note:
4 H- U4 ?# f# M4 m& o( N: @ must+动词原形→对现在的推测,must be+现在分词→对未来或现在正在进行的推测。例如:
$ B7 U; A: U; d7 f; G She looks happy; she must be having a good time. , X9 n8 z% k+ a2 m9 }$ `
4. needn’t+动词完成式和didn’t need to do
& V% Y3 L# C1 [' a A. needn’t+动词完成式表示一种已经做过的但并无必要的行为。例如:
; M- l5 |0 V! \. \: Z0 u( P% f% [' G You needn’t have watered the flowers, for it is going to rain.
% a5 G& \9 f8 S9 c; G9 Z 你本来不必浇花的,因为天要下雨了。(但却浇了)
. P* L# G/ e3 ^6 ^5 l& o. r We needn’t have told him the news because he knew it already.
- j8 W, E+ n" N. D B. didn’t need (have) to do结构表示没有必要做某事,实际上也没有做。例如:& R! l: r& I$ j* K5 p- F
I didn’t need to clean the windows. My sister did it.
9 Y; i! _, J i8 m% M 我不必擦窗,我妹妹擦了。(我没有擦). A! R; Q5 y( i/ [# ?9 K+ `6 z
5. should +动词完成式
1 O- R9 i* t% H: B, @ A.此结构的肯定式表示应该做的事而没有做,否定式表示某种行为不该发生但却发生了。例如:
% k5 z5 A* D! Q! ?4 J- [# g) M You should have given her more help.9 n5 R0 i; A# s" z1 b, P+ K
你应该多给她一些帮助的。(但没有给)+ b- Z# R2 {) M: s- V
B. 表示推测,意为“可能”,但可能性较小。例如:- T: z7 {+ r7 _* R
He should have finished the work by now.; E5 z. ]+ t* R% R |% `% O
他现在该把工作完成了。(推测)
2 D* D# Y: }. f2 ]8 T2 L% N! q# w C. should / would have thought意为“本以为,本认为”。例如:
* A) ~! |) d( v# l0 n) \ A: "Can you type?"
& i! l# Y$ D' q* B* A: X B: "Certainly."
2 O- M0 c, R8 M' [ A: "Well, I should have thought you wouldn’t."
5 V' _; Z' A( {* K- C I should have thought she wouldn’t agree.! o) ~9 D4 f. Q0 k8 Z
我本来认为她不会同意的。: ~6 u. ~ I; d( q Q* j `/ G
D. should have thought有时意为“认为,以为”,相当于should think,但表示更为委婉、谦逊或不肯定的语气。例如:
4 {( ] i6 w4 l6 n I should have thought it fairly good.. O# b' A* _7 j1 [( ~
我以为它是很不错的。
- ~- g. ]- b/ x2 Q: ?/ [6 [ E. should have + 过去分词用于虚拟语气:
/ f* t; L5 g" i: `6 B0 h Had you written him, you should have known the details.9 }# N3 o5 q* n7 l
6. ought to + 动词完成式
6 m9 }) o2 X% I; O+ V 此结构表示某种过去应该做而没有做的事,或被忽略未做的某种明智行为。例如:
( Y% B1 K' ]0 t# J# O& c You ought to have returned the book earlier.(还晚了)
. u7 X" p* p* i7 q2 D. ^ You ought to have refused her at the beginning, but now it is too late. a5 F. X% }8 R8 x3 n7 C
Note:4 ` e s. a$ O
这里的ought to也可以用should代替。 |