Mars has provoked much speculation on the possibili- (1)( B) u5 l5 I$ \! K. W6 V' |4 I1 ]0 \
ties of life beyond Earth than any planet in the Solar System. (2) __& w; F/ u! I: J( S4 Y
The presence of water is a prerequisite for the existing of life. (3) __
5 n [- ~; p3 j/ pTherefore, "follow the water" has been NASA' s chief guide-7 `6 q9 C( _2 I6 G
line for the exploration of a red planet. Although Mars experi- (4)" z! `0 o, m$ |( ]2 ^, x
ences seasons like on Earth and has polar caps which com- (5) __
5 S5 b7 y' a3 X4 A% E! S& Gposed of carbon dioxide and water ice, today it is bone-dry and
) d A" F4 F, H, Q* X6 Z9 C; Rfrigidly cold. But evidence is rapidly accumulating Mars was (6) __
6 z) D1 G$ c' Q0 G3 donce much wetter, with a more clement climate. This evidence
& H' K& D6 D% y6 W) vcomes from orbiting satellites and from data collected by rov-) ^2 c9 L9 W& o, C* B8 L
ing landers.+ q3 |6 F" }6 ]! A" u/ ~* [
Since 1970s, space probes to Mars have revealed numer- (7) __
/ u3 |; ]8 `8 |* K4 g. tous features apparent carved by flowing water, such as wind-1 N" C$ q+ M/ I/ u d) H- R" l
Lng, branched valleys resembling dried-out streambeds and gi-
" A3 R+ s$ c+ _5 Z# ]. Q2 }! }2 zant outflow channels gouged by catastrophic floods. Recent' Y A3 O' U" ^$ }/ h6 p
high-resolution imagery from the Mars Global Surveyor Mars
0 X' c, H5 J8 N" W& h. WOrbiter Camera and the Mars Odyssey THEMIS reveal nu- (8) __0 R) P+ k, C5 r* F: f" y- G
merous examples of branched valleys that form tightly-packed,. v* [' `4 D! Y/ H3 Q
integrated drainage systems. These channels origins at topo- (9) __0 d) ~/ q% u6 |) Q
graphic high points; the valleys widen "downstream", some
/ ~- f& O. E: m: H4 j; neven displaying inner valleys. The valley networks exhibit
) `: T. M; B# |& G! c% ]5 bmorphometric characteristics, including network densities,, X: _, p' q1 p. h' x
comparative to those of terrestrial drainage basins. These fea- (10) __5 L% S9 W: |3 r
tures were most likely produced by rainfall, during wetter,. b! M7 i0 ^* p1 r1 n2 p! J# S
warmer periods in the past. |