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[综合辅导] 2012年商务英语合同写作解析(1)

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发表于 2012-8-14 19:12:39 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式
Contract 与 Agreement的区别  5 g3 ^7 V" S, W$ A
  在英语中,合同一般称为Contract,协议一般称为Agreement。 中 华 考 试 网6 r) I* r+ e" B
  何谓“contract”?
/ U0 p$ f: `# l1 Y  1999年中国《合同法》第二条对contract定义为: A contact in t his Law refers to an agreement establishing, modifying and terminating the civil rights and obligations between subjects of equal footing, that is ,between natural persons, legal persons or other organizations”。根据这一定义,合同平等主体之间设立的确定民事权利和义务的协议。 ( K( t7 D6 i9 E5 C% @: ^
  Steven H. Gifts编著的“Law Dictionary”中将contract 定义为“contract is a promise, or a set of promises, for breach of which the law gives remedy, or the performance of the which the law in some way recognize as a duty.”根据这一定义,合同是一种承诺,违反承诺可以得到法律救助,某种意义上法律将履行该承诺看做是一种补偿。 # |* C) D8 Z5 E: l* i7 l
  L.B Curzon 在其编撰的字典“A Dictionary of Law”给contract的定义:“Contract is a legally binding agreement”根据这一定义,合同就是有法律约束力的协议。 " H2 m" Q* o2 I7 [/ K6 H8 ?
  综合起来,有一个相同点,就是“Contract is an agreement”,即可将事同说成是“An agreement which binds the parties concerned”或者氢说合同说成是“An agreement which is enforceable by law”, 也可以说:Contracts are promises that the law will enforce。
! u% h6 g9 S* d. N& s! ?  何谓“Agreement”?
" Z; V" D: E' r3 i' G  Y, j  L.B “A consensus of mind, or evidence of such consensus, in spoke or written form, relating to anything done or to be done.” 根据这一定义,协议是对已经做或准备做的相关事宜,经过谈判、协商后取得一致意见,以口头或书面形式做出的约定。 ) c7 Q- g. j. F' u; l/ _
  Black "Law Dictionary"有两个定义。一个是:“A concord of understanding and intention between two or more parties with respect to the effect upon their relative rights and duties, of certain past or future facts or performance”根据这一定义,协议即双方或多方京某些过去或将来某些事实的相关权利、义务或相关权利、义务的履行而达成的一致理解和愿望。
# R* {" F, ^5 K  另一个是:“The consent of two or more persons concurring respecting the transmission of some property, right or benefits, with the view of contacting an obligation, a mutual obligation.”根据这一定义,协议即两个或多个当事人,为了约定单方责任或相互责任,就财产权利、利益的转移取得的一致同意。
/ V9 i, @% N) e- K, i$ R  Contract(合同)和Agreement(协议)是不是可以互换呢?
' m2 `& Y3 n: `/ D3 T, P# ^0 E  合同的成立必须具备几个主要因素。它们(要约和承诺构成的)协议、约因、设立法律关系的愿望和缔约能力四大部分组成。
4 v1 [# w- I! L( W/ D  L.B Curzon编著的“A Diction of Law”提到:“Contract generally involves”
/ E3 k% a5 M- C1 ?1. offer and absolute and unqualified acceptance (要约和绝对接受)
4 e2 O& `1 I- W" E2. consensus ad idem (意思表示一致, 也叫meeting of minds)
& X6 x+ ^8 v4 p- ?4 X4 u- o: H8 Q# N3. intention to create legal relations (建立合同关系的意愿)
1 N! I& k) C* `6 G5 y& }4. genuineness of consent (同意的真实性)
6 w5 |3 K& t  `8 a5. contractual capacity of the parties (合同当事人的缔约能力) & i2 Y6 Q; ^. y& Z) a$ k
6. legality of object(标的物的合法性) ' L& V9 c1 `% D' F. [; ^& v7 L; ~4 Y
7. possibility of performance (履行的可能性)
# z+ o8 D& G" E! m2 E  f5 c  `8. certainty of terms(条款的确定性)
) ?0 q+ f* O  v; p6 P0 }, P9. valuable consideration(等价有偿) 8 i8 d. Z. x  j/ R
  Black ’Law Dictionary" 中解释道:Although often used as synonyms with "contract", agreement is a broader term, e.g. an agreement might lack an essential element of a contact." 即“协议”和“合同”经常用作同义词,但“协议”这一术语含义更广,例如协议可能缺乏合同的必备条款(essential clauses/provisions)。 . ]" s5 U+ s1 J" |4 |7 W
  实际使用当中,协议可不受必备条款的限制,而称为合同的文体肯定少不了必备条款,有的合同将其单列,称为一般条款(General provisions)。
2 G; E1 n$ k3 l  q; \: e0 N* v* u/ p  1999中国《合同法》第十二条规定了八项一般条款,分别是:
6 e! W- X' d8 m! t$ ]; O& H  V$ j1. title or name and domicile of the parities(当事人的名称或姓名和住址) 转自:考试网 - [Examw.Com]# B4 J6 y- X; I/ N
2. contract object(标的) ( J" I' ^9 g2 h! O
3. quantity(数量)
: a( Y; K6 [1 N1 j' G4. quality(质量)
3 ]8 P# O4 T, y$ `5. price or remuneration(价款或者报酬)
3 v% `, b; H* X7 U6. time limit, place and method of performance (履行期限、地点和方式)
( c' f: G* V7 K3 J7 d+ J" s7. liability for breach of contract(违约责任) & K( V) T4 @7 Z. t& r% _
8. methods to settle disputes (解决争议的方法) 7 W4 r9 S% X/ e$ U3 H! a& o
  上述解释说明,contract(合同)和agreement(协议)的概念虽然接近,但使用范围不同,不能互换使用。合同是协议的重要组成部分,所有合同一定是协议,而协议不见得都是合同。可以说具备合同成立要求的具有强制执行力的协议才是合同。
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