建议三:选择最恰当的语法结构
* n7 T9 } O. Y" n6 A& W$ j7 @ 选择合适的语法结构可以使句子意思的表达更为精确和简练。虽然语法的多样性也很重要,但选择最恰当的语法结构仍然是更为重要的考虑因素。以下原则是在考虑选择何种语法结构时可以参考的原则: 1 W' |4 {" z. K9 N; d$ |" P E4 S
1. 一个句子的主语和谓语动词应该能够反映句子中的最重要的意思。例如: , D; m7 m$ _& ^9 U) ]
The situation that resulted in my grandfather‘s not being able to study engineering was that his father needed help on the farm.
, Y) T9 K* P, ^& D$ k3 t 从意思上来分析,上面这句话需要表达的重要的概念是“grandfather‘s not being able to study”,而在表达这个概念时,原句用的主语是situation,谓语动词是was,不能强调需要表达的重点概念,可以改为下面这句话:My grandfather couldn‘t study engineering because his father needed help on the farm.
: d: ^; e/ ?$ V8 V0 f) n 2. 避免频繁使用“there be”结构,例如下面的句子:
: C3 ]" v n! l! e0 P/ S There were 25 cows on the farm that my grandfather had to milk every day. It was hard work for my grandfather. 2 a( n0 u {/ H) [* [# W
可以改为:My grandfather worked hard. He had to milk 25 cows on the farm every day. " b6 D7 @: N# z
更简洁的句式为:My grandfather worked hard milking 25 cows daily. & E2 q# _6 q3 z8 o }4 w+ v
3. 把从句改为短语或单词。例如: " p; E8 G h: E: e
Dairy cows were raised on the farm,which was located100 kilometers from the nearest university and was in an area that was remote.
% o4 I: Y+ u( ~/ H* N- ` 简介的表达方式为:The dairy farm was located in a remote area, 100 kilometers tothe nearest university.
" C' R2 P& g- R/ D8 i! F 4. 仅在需要强调宾语而不是主语的时候,才使用被动语态。例如:
: M, Z+ D. c/ B' E9 ^- B" ]( H) E, V In the fall, not only did the cows have to be milked, but also the hay was mowed and stacked by my grandfather‘s family. " E5 N: g2 z* ? x
本句不够简洁的原因是本句的重心应该是“忙碌的家庭-my grandfather‘s family”,而使用了被动语态后,仿佛重心变成了cows和hay。下面的表达方式是主动语态,相对来说更简洁一些:In the fall, my grandfather‘s family not only milked the cow but also mowed and stacked the hay. 2 ^9 w: \, \3 W5 O( \
5. 用更为精确的一个动词来代替动词短语,例如下面这句话:
! b' d4 `, j$ U" _( ?/ J My grandfather didn‘t have time to stand around doing nothing with his school friends.
0 T5 X$ |' b, K9 D7 A' v Stand around doing nothing其实可以用一个动词来表达,即loiter:My grandfather didn‘t have time to loiter with his school friends.
$ m( r; c0 ^3 l8 K 6. 有时两句话的信息经过组合完全可以用一句话来简练地表达,例如:
7 C1 k+ Z; U8 V' B Profits from the farm were not large. Sometimes they were too small to meet the expenses of running a farm. They were not sufficient to pay for a university degree. 两句话的信息可以合并为下面这句更为简洁的句子:Profits from the farm were sometimes too small to meet operational expenses, let alone pay for a university degree.; Z4 }$ `- d- E1 R% {3 T q
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