托福语法指导－介词及真题要点解析

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　　介词是TOEFL试题中比较活较的词性，而且具有一定的难度。中国学生一向对介词感到束手无策，因为英文介词种类繁多且词意多变。不过，TOEFL涉及的有关介词的题目重复性很强，而且有规律可循。只要考生善于总结、记忆，还是可以保证得满分的。介词的题目主要分布在Written Expression(16－40题)中，命题焦点售在中（1）含有介词的固定短语，（2）含有特定含义的介词误用
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& m# N& b5 i* ?) y$ ~$ Y! H7 ?7 C2 |　　介词常考题型及解题要点

; q% q/ Z6 d5 }) C　　1.含有介词的固定短语：短语或词组中的介词不能随意更换或省略

　　全真例题分析
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（1）Most aquatic animals breathe by means external respiratory organs called gills.
6 U* Z: A5 ~5 b8 j(答案)C 正确的短语为by means of,其中的介词of不能省略
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$ Y% E8 I* ~& c- E1 l- ^, M6 @（2） Speed refers only toward the rate of mution without
/ l# q9 [. p8 d& @1 Fspecifying any direction of motion.(94.8)
(答案)A 正确短语形式为refer to

  [9 [% k% @. Q) m* P（3） Historical geology deals about data on the development of the Earth
- ]6 P- W( T7 t' W& x* X. F' `gathered from the study of rocks, which are analyzed to determine their age and composition. (93.8)
$ ^# P7 O0 T2 h( N) T+ b' q(答案) A正确短语式式为deal with.

, t4 p1 X: {2 q, e$ M( s  @（4）The diamond is the only gemstone composed with just one chemical element, carbon.
(答案) A 正确短语形式为。Be composed of
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. V6 ~, J& f: x! s# ~, J6 ^8 |7 i8 o（5） Best known for his research in statistical mechanics and meson physics. Chen Ning Yang shared the Nobel Prize in 1957 to another physicist from the United States, Tsung-dao Lee.
(答案) C 正确的短语搭配为 share.......with
（6）The doctrine of eminent domain is based the legal tradition that all real property is subject to the control of the state.
(答案) A 正确的短语形式为be based on 其中的介词on不能省掉。

　　2. 介词用错

/ O+ N* m$ o, t$ f9 a$ O　　解题要点 介词与后面的名词通常有固定的搭配习惯，或有特定的语意功能，不能随意更换。通常，介词毕有含义，不同的介词会使整个句子表达不同的意思。当A、B、C、D四个选择答案中出现单独划线的介词，应首先考虑它是否使用正确。

　　全真例题分析

! k( S' @% J3 `. U（1）Scientists claim that an individual can function from about three days when totally deprived of sleep.
(答案) C from应改用for。表示动作延续的时间应用介词for。

. P( k; _; D( E+ [（2） Canadian scarlet-clad guards and mounties with horseback are part of the summer scenery in Ottawa.
(答案) B with改为on,“骑在马背上”应用介词on表示位置。

/ ]4 E$ ~" n# f& y' E! U（3） During eclipses of the Sun, the Ojibwa Indians of North America shot flaming arrows inside the sky to rekindle the light.
% @! X+ y0 A- J; P(答案) C inside改为into,介词into表示的动作性；shot……into the sky。天空无边无沿，不能用介词inside来修饰。
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（4） Wild elephants are almost continuously waving their trunks. Both up in the air and down aside the ground.
(答案) D aside改为on。On the ground 是固定介宾搭配。Ground 没有边沿，无法用aside来修饰。
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. r7 H/ l# [: P( b（5） Recent studies have shown that air into a house often has higher concentrations of contaminants than heavily polluted air outside.
: E1 n) k9 S: Q& I/ C: d(答案) A into改为in。Into强调动作，而in表示的是静止的状态。“房间里面的空气”只能用in来表示。
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（6） The early use of a complete steel frame for towering buildings appeared in the first skyscraper, built on Chicago in 1883.
(答案) D built on 改为built in。城市名前面只能用介词in来修饰。
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- C* t( x$ R0 d: _　　3.介词between和among的区别
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! g+ f+ r7 c1 d/ A6 N- Z& J　　解题要点 between表示二者之间，among表示三者或更多的整体概念。当A、B、C、D四项选择答案中出现between或者among时，它通常就是此题的命题焦点。

　　全真例题分析
/ Z; k% N" E: h6 y1 y# C（1） The determination of the path of Mars's orbit in 1609 became the unifying link among the two formerly separate realms of physics and astronomy.
(答案) C among改为between
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( W9 e) d" q  T5 P（2） The Carlsbad caverns, located in New Mexico, rank between the largest underground labyrinths in the world.
(答案) B between改为among。表示多数概念，或范围时应用among。
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（3） For a long time cotton ranked first bctween Alabama's crops, but today it accounts for only a fraction of the agricultural production.
' m  |: y- Q' u) \5 p(答案) A between改为among。表示范围时应用among。