托福考试语法题笔记（4）

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31. All the major cities of the United States， ________ the cities of the Great Lakes and the Gulf of Mexico， began as centers of trade.
A. and to include
) K" X$ T* F4 eB. which including
C. included
0 A$ Q& r5 s3 V& f9 ]D. including
! u. i4 B% K. X3 m6 m5 n! i答案：D
9 j3 D8 |- }" b/ P) j分析：两个逗号之间是插入语，这里分词作状语，不能用谓语动词。
参考译文：包括大湖区和墨西哥峡谷的美国所有主要城市都是以贸易中心的模式发展起来的。
32. Settled by English Puritans in 1630， Boston became _________ .
A. the capital of the Massachusetts Bay Colony
B. the Massachusetts Bay Colony its capital
8 m6 I; N, V& k9 yC. it was the capital of the Massachusetts Bay Colony
D. so that the capital of the Massachusetts Bay Colony
答案：A
8 Z5 z3 ?9 x1 p0 s. R) t3 \分析：缺宾语。B语序混乱；C中出现两个谓语动词，错；D中became 仍然没有宾语，so that 多余，错。
参考译文：波士顿在1963年被英国清教徒定址，并曾是马萨诸塞州湾殖民地的首都。
) z; v4 |3 m4 j33. Navigators on ships and aircraft use a compass to determine _________ they are heading.
A. the direction in which
9 D9 G$ ?9 ~' ]7 \7 s3 Z4 xB. to where the direction
3 z9 X1 q4 S. u* l2 V: KC. that direction of which
D. where the direction
8 C% r# |4 j: W8 J9 K答案：A
分析：空格前缺宾语，空格后是个完整的句子，只有B能满足。prep+which 作为介词宾语，后面接完整的句子。
/ k% F' D4 m# J' N参考译文：船和飞机的领航员通过指南针来确定他们航行的方向。
( d/ u6 M" d9 m5 x. d- o34. A condenser is a heat exchanger _________ steam or vapor loses heat and returns to liquid form.
A. what
8 v7 \% x7 M' {4 Q# L5 ]B. in which
) W4 v$ n  Q; RC. in whose
: [5 i) Q% K0 yD. that
答案：B
1 s$ h9 j. y- ?6 h3 @) u* F分析：空格前后都是完整的句子，选项中优先选择prep+which.prep+which 作为介词宾语，后面接完整的句子。
参考译文：冷凝器是一种热交换器，蒸气或水汽在里面失去热量，变回液体状态。
) X9 q5 |7 v$ Z) L% {0 D35. Published in 1957， John Cheever's first novel， The Wapshot Chronicle， earned _________ the National Book Award.
" d/ Y, s4 p; N7 t8 MA. that he had
B. him
C. was his
( C. I/ I  s! |/ {D. to him
答案：B
5 D! b! ?9 j, N7 _2 I) {分析：双宾语结构：sth. Earn sb sth. 类似的还有gain/win
参考译文：John Cheever的第一部小说The Wapshot Chronicle于1957年，并为他赢得全国图书奖。
1 {$ r* Q  x2 r4 Q/ E36. As seen from the Earth at night， _________ planet Jupiter ranks third among the planets and stars in maximum brightness， after Venus and Mars.
. H9 G$ y  N+ T: O) w. |$ J/ h7 KA. when the
B. in which the
C. the
% c, W/ C; T. [6 y- Q( ?8 c" |D. and the
答案：C
分析：空格后句子完整，此处缺限定词。
$ g' \7 B" c5 T, U  b参考译文：晚上从地球上看去，行星木星在行星恒星最大亮度等级中排名第三，排在金星和火星的后面。
37. _________ produces a crimson glow in a vacuum tube and is used extensively in advertising displays.
" `- A$ `) U# G/ I: \A. Neon that
B. When neon
% a: b6 h% ]; w- s# ?2 SC. Neon
D. There is neon
4 x% H8 t6 @) I7 Q0 s0 d+ `+ V, s0 |答案：C
8 z6 w9 p! K# i) l8 c1 _分析：缺主语。A中that多余；B中When多余，D中出现两个谓语动词。
7 \; v. P; n4 W$ R& Y: L7 X参考译文：氖能在真空管里释放出深红色的光芒，并被广泛的在广告显像里应用。
38. Chaparral consists of _________ stunted by short， wet winters followed by long， dry summers.
2 @/ L. |% w8 T' \3 u/ @A. are trees and shrubs
- J/ `5 |& T/ P/ t5 ~B. how trees and shrubs
- V; T5 A" R& C) s( a8 aC. trees and shrubs have
D. trees and shrubs
答案：D
分析：of 后接名词，首先排除A和B.C中有个动词have， 后半句中有动词follow， 两句之间没有连接词，一定错。
: I& ]5 h0 K" `8 s/ O参考译文：丛林由树和灌木组成，短的、潮湿的冬天和随后的长的干燥的夏天阻碍了它们的生长。
5 P( u) q- p5 ?2 g  \" o39. The Monroe Doctrine of 1823 was _________ of United States policy concerning the activities and rights of European powers in North and South America.
  Y% Z! z, N: Y+ xA. when a statement
( o6 ]  E" [1 P; t* oB. as a statement
C. a statement
D. to a statement
/ {0 o5 m& q+ i  A9 j7 c答案：C
分析：缺宾语。A，B，D中的when， as， to 多余。
, ^7 `5 A. q) V2 u2 q1 s; G7 Q参考译文：1982年的门罗主义是针对南北美欧洲集权的行为和权利的美国政策的表述。
% B  Z- g2 |5 g2 [% D2 Y: m8 N40. _________ to stand in a warm place， it sours because of the presence of bacteria that convert milk sugar into acid.
" X. |& u# |2 xA. When milk is allowed
$ {8 ?! n1 x. |' f+ s$ ^3 m! HB. When is milk allowed
C. Milk， when allowed
' K) c3 ]4 V+ |3 i$ A" wD. When milk allowed
1 e' ?  W& _  [* o% ?% }1 f答案：A
, Y. @0 ~) d' [* R- C3 N% _分析：B不应该使用倒装；C：如果是插入语的话，后半句中不应该出现it；D中由句意allow应该使用被动形式。
9 B0 V5 N/ L% r+ T- F0 u: o参考译文：当牛奶持续的放在温暖的地方，细菌的出现把牛奶的糖转化成酸，因此它就发酸了