Underlying = inner (underlying adj.在下面的, 隐含的 ,implicit 如 underlying meaning)
& o2 {+ i: m8 `' A underpinning (基础, 支柱, 支撑 a support or foundation)) a& u* {' V$ C* {& c$ h* {
Unqualified (不合格的,无限制的,绝对的) = complete9 l4 b4 a& a+ r! F$ u
utilitarian = functional (文中选) (utilitarian adj.功利的, 实利的, 功利主义的 n.功利论者 )4 q6 W) m" D' q' b) q" b
unqualified =complete;
9 A6 X/ d, l* R! y; n4 R utilitarian =functional1 F; X, ?+ z1 P
universally——without exception* ]6 j* l' M/ r2 o
unrestricted——unlimited# Y6 q- b1 Y4 C r# _! y& Q e3 A
undergone——experienced
, r- c0 _ Q, l( d) v8 w6 S; S( |) r uniform2 n/ G/ u0 ~7 U) @, ?5 |) V/ y
vigorous = strong- K$ f! r; ~2 x- V7 K, n: K: X
vexing = difficult (not sure) (vex: 使恼怒,使痛苦, puzzle, annoy)# o3 \! G3 F( V" P
volatile——
6 P, s7 L' s4 E+ v0 X vast——immense
; P# H3 N0 u3 |4 t% j+ ^ vast——great5 U u7 l! f3 w/ h; n/ f) L
vehicle——means
* h1 j% |* v! O" h( r variability==tendency to change" ?# B1 |; d o& L5 H- v/ v
withstand==persist >avoid/persist? 原文是:……brick withstood the weathering for a long time……+ c/ z4 z! E% G4 E( w/ M8 g
withstand=resist
Y- L) ?8 J6 J: @ wear——use) B6 |% q- K" B: v7 T
whatever ——in any case/ at any rate/at all event7 f) G. i1 d- @2 _
wary——cautious$ |, ` i% Y6 w5 F( }
way station——stop" z6 m8 E+ F! r4 C$ ?8 [; S) T
?= yet 选项还有however / in addition.
" l: m1 e/ U% U# q( s yield——provide |