1.间接转述(Indirect Speech); N. q# x* T8 K. z3 G
口语复述的实质是将听到的和看到的话语用自己的话以口头方式再转达出来。“直接引述”是直接引用说话人的原话,而要用自己的话把别人的意思转述出来就称为“间接转述”。托福口语考试中一般应采用“间接转述”的方法:针对特定问题,用自己的话把读到、听到的对话内容或演讲内容再重复出来。对考生来说,这当然是一个更高层次的要求。因为,首先要听得懂、读得懂别人的观点,其次才能在此基础上进行加工处理,变为自己的语言再陈述出准确意思来。这时候,“善于把别人的东西据为己有”就不再是一个“恶劣的行径”了。此时此刻,它将转化为一个极为有效的、甚至是高效的手段,以此来达到“借鸡下蛋”的目的。
* _2 X3 O9 f% w! q/ [" c 请看下面几例:; F1 @- @: Y' q" S; U; }& l, D- Q
例1:My mother said: “I'm so tired that I don't want to cook. Shall we eat out tonight?”
/ o, l0 @6 p1 _! D! l, ~3 }" A →My mother said that she was so tired that she didn't want to cook and she suggested that we should eat out that day.
' d2 t W; t; T: ]2 ]3 D0 @ 例2:Tom said: “I've already seen the film.”3 Y1 }* J! |6 P; s, }# y" q
→Tom said that he had already seen the film.) c" k! w: {8 _1 B! r5 [. W
间接转述应注意以下几点规则:1 o! T& p6 }% I# E
⑴ 在转述的引语前一般要用连词that:(如例1、例2所示);
v0 H* ~3 R" v ⑵ 要根据意思改变人称(如例4所示);# b7 a& x1 M# P, i/ v1 F! R. P
⑶ 当要转述的言语为连贯的话语时,应用go on(继续),continue(接着),add(补充)等,以及各种引述动词,如:note(指明),remark(谈及)
6 P2 E5 B3 J, ~ ⑷ 间接转述不是重复原话,因此,时态要有所变动。一般来讲,现在时变为过去时,过去时变为过去完成时。指示代词、地点及时间状语也要作必要改动。这种改动大致可参照下表进行。# s. Z0 J& N' G% Y% |% x
在直接引语中- f% y# P8 s7 Y1 H: D% L
在间接引语中2 [* P# T B! D1 X1 E% l! h6 E4 v
指示代词& E" T; ]! z: x, i K, d5 _
this (place)
4 p% O3 o4 @( P, l# b9 u these (places) that (place)
8 q! X6 J8 F& U2 c2 u' e. C those (places)
0 [* M2 o1 r2 b4 E5 c+ v" r9 g 时间状语! R( ^: t8 h r. b1 o: r' |
now
8 d; { z# L. ]) u2 V today, tonight7 }" m8 F" E0 [' o/ x3 w9 R
this week (month, etc.)2 q- D% B8 ]. v0 }4 h
yesterday
, f) k# D: L/ X8 X# P- v7 K& e3 i1 l% @& H last week (month, etc.)7 p0 Y8 A# N* L. m4 a' w, K' W
two days (a year, etc. ) ago5 b4 x5 d: j( k" ?) i b4 U
tomorrow+ f4 P# C. h" p$ [
next week (month, etc.) then {: v2 N7 _5 F: K' c5 n9 G
that day, that night
" W7 _6 H+ j# _! o: y that week (month, etc.)
! N( Z0 a: I- @) |* Y3 n the day before, the previous day S/ |6 }, C/ }: D/ D a
the week (month, etc.) before9 @" p# H1 z; O- }
two days (a year, etc.) before (earlier)
* _/ |6 l6 U% U x9 z G0 q the next (following) day
( F4 G$ |' X7 t; F: Z6 U: f5 Z! K the next (following) week (month, etc.)
% O8 `2 p; c! P; l2 e0 R 表地点的词
- `$ E) x0 s1 E here there
2 B ?" t, u, A5 J4 h 动词 E* N f9 n0 A; P
come, bring go, take
" T9 w: X3 \- a( m. u g 2.释义、意译(Paraphrasing)+ {0 Z2 ~8 d. \( r& N! }
Paraphrase (to express in a shorter or clearer way what someone has written or said) 就是用你所知道的,或者对你来说较容易的词汇、短语、以及语法去解释那些较为难懂的语句。; ~9 r+ z/ j2 G; C% |( `
3.概述(Summarizing)0 g: Y) a4 H" I3 G" s
Summarize (to make a short statement giving only the main information and not the details of a plan, event, report, etc.) 就是用简练话语概括描述一篇材料的中心思想。
3 A: ~7 }' c9 h2 g& u 新托福口语考试的听、读材料都不长,三言两语即可概括全文的中心意思,没必要长篇大论。当然,时间也不允许这样做。所以,高度概括的口语表达能力是顺利通过托福口语考试的法宝之一。 |