通过对改革后的立论文分析不难发现,在这149道题目中一共有六种提问方式。让我们归纳总结一下他们的规律。9 }; r, }) X. d. I' y4 l
由于关于claim的问题方式有两次,笔者统一归纳总结成为一种方式,故图中展示的只有五种。仔细关注下statement, recommendation, claim这三个单词,他们在某些方面具有程度递进的关系。
9 l8 L- {0 j* T% h 1. Statement: the expression in spoken or written words of something such as a fact, intention, or policy, or an instance of this.意为陈述某一事实,意图,政策。重点在于陈述。- a( ]! h' S' r' } y% s# S
2. Recommendation: a suggestion as to what is a good or sensible thing to do or use in the circumstances意为合理的建议(比陈述事实更近了一步)7 G% s. C7 G: O* A# K
3. Claim: maintain something is true: to say, without proof or evidence, that something is true 意为声明,即便在没有证据的情况下仍然坚持声称某事为真实的9 @* @- G' l f' G7 p6 Q
从以上的分析中不难看出这三种问法在操作形式上具有程度类比,其中第三种的程度语气更强。
# ^9 G& j0 Q1 D; y4 W1 [. g) Q 让我们仔细分析一下例子( D; l, K: k+ l8 `, k8 M
1. Statement (以下是事实陈述的例子)
* l& ~# `. g& E: c7 R W$ d i. The luxuries and conveniences of contemporary life prevent people from developing into truly strong and independent individuals.# B1 g( D+ n& K; \6 P5 @
ii. In any field of inquiry, the beginner is more likely than the expert to make important contributions.
) y) z, \8 `! q2 z# E# ^ iii. As we acquire more knowledge, things do not become more comprehensible, but more complex and mysterious.
3 l" _6 n0 F [, T# J( r iv. It is primarily through our identification with social groups that we define ourselves.0 k! s0 a+ u( c8 E% t
v. The greatness of individuals can be decided only by those who live after them, not by their contemporaries.3 q; z+ ~, z- J) Y
vi. In order for any work of art-for example, a film, a novel, a poem, or a song-to have merit, it must be understandable to most people.1 h4 j$ g6 ]. {. I$ r' J
2. Recommendation(以下是建议的例子): J6 X4 }+ J$ r; g9 n
i. Scientists and other researchers should focus their research on areas that are likely to benefit the greatest number of people.
2 ^$ P p/ W6 d$ Y/ x/ @9 G ii. Nations should suspend government funding for the arts when significant numbers of their citizens are hungry or unemployed., B; f6 [! o `8 |0 S
iii. All parents should be required to volunteer time to their children。 |