2012同等学力英语语法之名词知识储备

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在职研究生同等学力申硕英语考试是必不可少的，今天启文在职研究生招生信息网来为大家整理分享同等学力英语语法之名词：
名词在句子中的作用
; r3 n. ?7 X, `8 G2 I1 Z名词在句子中有以下几种重要作用，如做主语、宾语、表语、补足语等。它是句子中最主要的词。
1 n. E* L: n" ]1 O' M（一）主语
+ C) ^, c- x2 u3 ?0 `$ j2 W1. 句子的主语：
* t+ p3 N  ^3 m3 rFather is working on the farm. / Mary visited her teacher yesterday. / A beautiful ship will sail on this river tomorrow. / Some goods have arrived.
! x: p/ Q$ @7 n+ H+ p: ~句子中的黑体字均表示“谁……”或“什么……”，即动作的执行者。一般都放在句首。
2． 动名词逻辑上的主语：
They thought Tom’s going there a mistake. / Mary’s getting married will be announced next month.
句子中的黑体字均为动名词逻辑上的主语，表示动名词going，getting的执行者。
6 H, X3 e. d$ j7 i3. 分词上的逻辑主语：
% l# r) w  m. |+ J# v9 W/ O1 P* iPeter being ill，his mother has to stay at home. / The sun having set，children went home. / She came into the classroom，her face covered with sweat.
' I9 I) @" f8 O句子中的黑体字均为分词上的逻辑主语，表示这是“谁”的情况，如Peter 生病、太阳落山等。
4 y* J9 x& T/ ^" J（二）宾语
He has a pretty cat. / Teacher can help Rose. / The sailor crossed the dangerous river easily. / Students should do their homework alone.
句子中的黑体字均表示动作的承受者，通常放在及物动词的后面。
She gave John a bag. / The grandmother is telling children a story. / The little boy brought mother an orange. / The wife cooked her husband a big fish.
句子中的黑体字均为双宾动词的宾语，其中，指人的为间接宾语，如John，mother等；指物的为间接宾语，如bag，fish等。
  v- r' N$ Y' D1 f* u/ j以下是介词的宾语：
I went to school everyday. / They are talking about the traffic accident. / On Friday，we always have our English lessons.
句子中的黑体字均为介词的宾语，表示与介词有关的东西，和介词一起表达一个完整的意思。这种宾语一般跟在介词后，和介词一起构成介词短语。
8 O3 h& V. y, }7 v4 D（三）表语
8 D' I" }9 \2 d2 ?& HMy sister is a doctor. / He has become an artist. / The ruins have been a famous building.
句子中的黑体字均为表语，表示主语是“谁”、“成为什么”。主语和其补足语往往指同一个人或同样东西。句子的动词为系动词。
（四）宾语的补足语
$ A# x; U) ]. O* ^9 f( UMany people now consider the family a school. / They elected him president. / All the students in that class knew their monitor a coward.
) r! d" r" e3 ^. p# Q: Z1 y句子中的黑体字均为宾语补足语，对宾语进行补充说明，表示它“成为什么”、“被认为如何”等。它和宾语有密切关系，通常紧跟宾语其后。
7 ~2 J2 d7 u- R- c' ^+ K（五）状语
He will arriive here next week. / We have walked eight miles. / It is six inches. / He will be back Monday.
句子中的黑体字均为状语，这些状语用来修饰动词或形容词，表长度时间等。在多种情况下，其前面有修饰语，有时也可以单独做状语。
（六）同位语
; \  c8 M5 V; c4 _4 A. W1 N, Q& pMy friend John is a pleasant person. / This is Mr. Smith，headmaster of No.3 Middle School. / My roommate bought many things: books，pencils and stamps.
句子中的黑体字均为同位语，表示其前面名词或代词究竟指什么，或对其前面的名词或代词做补充说明，如John，headmaster，和books，pencils and stamps 分别对friend，Mr. Smith，things 做进一步的说明。
4 C7 k9 q  `7 G, D, f6 r; L( v（七）定语
My family lives in a country house. / They are at the harvest festival. / He often visits night club. / His uncle met a silver smith that day.
+ L# f# f) g8 [句子中的黑体字均为定语，修饰其后面的另一个名词，或与另一个名词构成合成词。
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