托福阅读历年真题精选34
The wide variety of climates in North America has helped spawn a complex pattern ofsoil regions. In general, the realm’s soils also reflect the broad environmental partitioning
into “humid America” and “arid America.” Where annual precipitation exceeds 20 inches
(50 centimeters),soils in humid areas tend to be acidic in chemical content, Since crops
(5 ) do best in soils that are neither acidic(higher in acid content) nor alkaline(higher in salt content).fertilization is necessary to achieve the desired level of neutrality between the
two. Arid America’s soils are typically alkaline and must be fertilized back toward
neutrality by adding acidic compounds. Although many of these dryland soils, particularly
in the Great Plains, are quite fertile, European settlers learned over a century ago that
(10) water is the main missing ingredient in achieving their agricultural potential. In the
1970’s, certain irrigation methods were perfected and finally provided a real opportunity
to expand more intensive farming west from the Central Lowland into the drier portions
of the Great Plains. Glaciation also enhanced the rich legacy of fertile soils in the central
United States,both from the deposition of mineral-rich glacial debris left by meltwater
(15) and from thick layers of fine wind-blown glacial material, called loess, in and around the
middle Mississippi Valley.
Natural vegetation patterns could be displayed on a map of North America, but the
enormous human modification of the North American environment in modern times has
all but reduced this regionalization scheme to the level of the hypothetical. Nonetheless,
(20) the humid America-arid America dichotomy is still a valid generalization: the natural
vegetation of areas receiving more than 20 inches of water yearly is forest, whereas the
drier climates give rise to a grassland cover. The forests of North America tent to make
a broad transition by latitude. In the Canadian North, needle-leaf forests dominate, but
these coniferous trees become mixed with broadleaf deciduous trees as one crosses the
(25) border into the Northeast United States. As one proceeds toward the Southeast, broadleaf vegetation becomes dominant. Arid America mostly consists of short-grass prairies or
stepper. The only areas of true desert are in the Southwest.
21 What aspect of North America does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) The wide variety of climates
(B) Soil types and vegetation patterns
(C) Improved irrigation methods and the expansion of agriculture
(D) The change in precipitation patterns
22 The word “spawn ” in line 1 is closest in meaning to
(A) distinguish
(B) eliminate
(C) protect
(D) create
托福阅读历年真题精选34
23 The word “partitioning” in line 2 is closest in meaning to </p>(A) division(B) modification
(C) opening
(D) circulating
24 According to the passage, acidic soils tent to be associated with
(A) a high salt content
(B) an increase in farming
(C) large amounts of rain
(D) glacial meltwater
25 The word “enhanced” in line 13 is closest in meaning to
(A) implied
(B) increased
(C) indicated
(D) informed
26 How did glacial meltdown affect the soil in North America?
(A) It redistributed the soil types
(B) It added salt to the soil
(C) It made the soil more neutral in content
(D) It added minerals to the soil
27 The phrase “this regionalization scheme” in line 19 refers to the
(A) movements of glacial deposits
(B) patterns of natural vegetation
(C) human modification of the North American environment
(D) distinction between humid America and arid America
28 The word “transition” in line 23 is closest in meaning to
(A) elevation
(B) change
(C) advantage
(D) condition
29 The passage supports which of the following statements?
(A) Arid America is not necessarily characterized by the presence of deserts
(B) Most of Canada and the northeastern United States consists of short-grass prairies wherever natural vegetation has not been modified by humans
(C) The accumulation of loess is primarily the result of irrigation
(D) Glaciation removed the fertile layer of soil from much of the Mississippi Valley
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