2012年新GRE作文考试论证技巧(下)
六、类比论证法用我们已知的、熟悉的事物同未知的。不熟悉的事物加以比较,并用前者的情况解释者 的情况。分为三种:纵向类比(过去的事物同现在的、同一类事物的类比)、横向类比(同一 时期、同一事物之间的类比)、比喻式类比(不同类别事物之间的类比)。例如:
1.纵向类比(Historical analogy)
论点:Many people will die of SARS.
论据:Many people died of the Black Death.
推理依据:SARS and Black Death are similar. 来自www.Examw.com
2.横向类比(Literal analogy)
论点:China should have its fighter carriers.
论据:A neighboring country has a powerful carrier fleet.
推理依据:The two countries are similar enough to draw such a comparison.
3.比喻式类比(Metaphorical analogy)
论点:Reading a difficult book should take time.
论据:Digesting a large metal takes time.
推理依据:Reading and eating are sufficiently alike to be compared.
七、引用权威论证法
引用公认的权威,或者论证自己就是权威从而对自己的观点加以论证。例如:
论点:China’s economy will grow 8 poercent this year.
论据:Professors and scientists say so.
推理依据:These experts are reliable.
八、诉诸尝试法
利用人们的常识【包括:普遍的价值观念、人的普遍动机、生活常识】进行论证。例如:
1.诉诸普遍性的价值观念。
论点:The university curriculum should be multicultural.
论据:A multicultural curriculum will contribute to equality and acceptance.
推理依据:You value equality and acceptance.
2.诉诸普遍动机
论点:You should support this candidate premier.
论据:The candidate can help you get job security and safe neighbourhoods.
推理依据:You want job security and safe neighbourhoods.
3.诉诸生活常识 外语学习网
论点:She was very kind to me.
论据:She treated me with the best tea she had.
推理依据:A treatment with the best tea is an expression of kindness.
九、反证法
假设一个观点是正确的,然后却推导出荒谬的结论。例如:
论点:An industrious man must also be thrifty.
论据:With only industry but without thrift ,the person will end uo bankrupt.
推理依据:An industrious person ending up bankrupt sounds absurd.
十、统计数据论证法
提供数据,以资论证。例如:
论点:We should end the current poverty-relief program.
论据:It costs $45 million per year.
推理依据:This is too much;it proves we should end it.
以上只是一个详细的结构上的分析说明,在具体运用时,我们经常讲推理依据和论据放在了一起,但只要合理即可。论据可以自己编造,也可以是大众的例子,关键在于自己怎么样建立论点和论据之间的桥梁。
上面的这些技巧,可能我们只用到某种或某几种,但我们必须得会至少一种。
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