六、类比论证法
8 ~8 [1 A5 Q2 L: J$ l& k- C$ q 用我们已知的、熟悉的事物同未知的。不熟悉的事物加以比较,并用前者的情况解释者 的情况。分为三种:纵向类比(过去的事物同现在的、同一类事物的类比)、横向类比(同一 时期、同一事物之间的类比)、比喻式类比(不同类别事物之间的类比)。例如: - B3 W2 b& S7 c: }
1.纵向类比(Historical analogy) + V( y2 ]5 }; e1 N4 S1 n4 R) b
论点:Many people will die of SARS.
' E% z0 h: H1 U4 ~5 X; C, v 论据:Many people died of the Black Death. . o/ R7 c' j; i& K a; p4 d
推理依据:SARS and Black Death are similar. 来自www.Examw.com
% ]# \4 r4 r h ?! d3 o 2.横向类比(Literal analogy) ! {8 h; J! t2 ]+ C/ y$ w7 z
论点:China should have its fighter carriers. # `' P1 R) M G$ k7 W6 q, L
论据:A neighboring country has a powerful carrier fleet.
1 f0 F" ]* X: M, x. v7 k8 M 推理依据:The two countries are similar enough to draw such a comparison. ; F1 G# B( A. K, Z8 { ~+ i
3.比喻式类比(Metaphorical analogy)
1 ` V& H% y! M 论点:Reading a difficult book should take time.
+ K# B7 D; j( \5 e) F/ F 论据:Digesting a large metal takes time.
, t- q! H! T% o% Z$ n 推理依据:Reading and eating are sufficiently alike to be compared. ( x; B0 h, J$ ^4 B) Z3 R) \
七、引用权威论证法 2 ?0 x6 k9 A9 t; x- D, X0 Y
引用公认的权威,或者论证自己就是权威从而对自己的观点加以论证。例如:
# |' U. q% n9 w! M0 T; D6 r 论点:China’s economy will grow 8 poercent this year. , [4 L3 P& E% B: q {( x) l6 }$ Z
论据:Professors and scientists say so. # U. c% w# G: O
推理依据:These experts are reliable.
) P9 a' p- {% A) j* _4 _6 l 八、诉诸尝试法
9 y* v! F# \+ k. r 利用人们的常识【包括:普遍的价值观念、人的普遍动机、生活常识】进行论证。例如:
) u: Y1 d' C2 i0 O+ z 1.诉诸普遍性的价值观念。
" C8 E& p& }1 c; F2 M9 w, Z4 Q 论点:The university curriculum should be multicultural. , d& }. ]5 [' r$ ]7 A) H1 w" y
论据:A multicultural curriculum will contribute to equality and acceptance. 8 X, M7 ~0 ]7 D" K
推理依据:You value equality and acceptance.
1 o) C, W# T3 ]" W5 ^, B4 Z% u 2.诉诸普遍动机
+ O. k6 U2 h' C' j5 z 论点:You should support this candidate premier. 7 m, v. w8 k" p" S7 I
论据:The candidate can help you get job security and safe neighbourhoods.
, J" m7 d0 Q7 I5 C2 s 推理依据:You want job security and safe neighbourhoods. # _* x4 j# h5 g
3.诉诸生活常识 外语学习网6 ~7 }* B& u( n' p4 I8 s9 P
论点:She was very kind to me.
0 y6 {7 Y, ?% L5 j: C( Q 论据:She treated me with the best tea she had. / X1 h, B2 T6 w3 j8 N* n0 e$ N
推理依据:A treatment with the best tea is an expression of kindness. # x) g/ ?( |: g2 W- L8 P
九、反证法 9 Z3 g$ h/ I5 W5 R; m
假设一个观点是正确的,然后却推导出荒谬的结论。例如:
- p& J% L2 a8 B! _2 k& F 论点:An industrious man must also be thrifty.
6 J4 H0 T8 O% S u 论据:With only industry but without thrift ,the person will end uo bankrupt.
5 E: Y& r! T6 n+ ]; }# U8 J 推理依据:An industrious person ending up bankrupt sounds absurd. % m: z3 X! ?% u& O8 N; p
十、统计数据论证法 # Q0 ^; c& K4 [, t+ K7 ^
提供数据,以资论证。例如:
p* a! w% g n8 I 论点:We should end the current poverty-relief program. 0 [; V6 u( P# _
论据:It costs $45 million per year.
2 b3 h& y+ r7 G5 i) u% Z 推理依据:This is too much;it proves we should end it.
( ]8 S# r1 ?0 W- S& F9 X7 S k 以上只是一个详细的结构上的分析说明,在具体运用时,我们经常讲推理依据和论据放在了一起,但只要合理即可。论据可以自己编造,也可以是大众的例子,关键在于自己怎么样建立论点和论据之间的桥梁。 S0 E `. g( Z
上面的这些技巧,可能我们只用到某种或某几种,但我们必须得会至少一种。 |