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[经验交流] 备考经验:分析句子好方法

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发表于 2012-8-15 22:33:00 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式
  分析句子结构是对所学语法的综合运用。对句子的结构是否清楚、明白是能否正确解答问题的关键。因此学会如何分析句子对更深刻、准确地理解题意,提高解题能力至关重要。2 L$ q2 P1 p- y8 C5 ?  q

1 q' b& {) q- q, U/ {  所谓分析句子就是要剖析句子各个不同成分,并弄清楚他们彼此之间的关系。现对怎样分析句子做一简单介绍。6 C) Z* z5 E' j, W

# K8 O! m% N" j* Z, V" w+ ~  分析句子的步骤:
! D, n& _- C( W. K: G7 Y
- |" w0 o0 w- D* {3 b1 U  ①先找出句子的谓语动词,并考虑动词的性质。这是能否正确分析句子的关键。+ F( V' ~; T# Q: K( E, T7 X
  ②找出和谓语关系最密切的句子成分——主语,审查两者之间的关系是否一致。
7 v. i  K" [* D0 F8 K, h  ③确认动词性质后,进一步分析动词与其他句子成分的关系。如与宾语、宾语补足语、表语、状语以及与小品词的关系等。
1 S' M: c/ H6 [4 z, }# N
5 P: {, f% A9 @( K: W8 O  现做具体说明如下:1 |4 A$ \2 _* J& w; ^+ z  x
5 Q: y2 \: o6 @0 w; Z5 \
  1.谓语动词:谓语动词是句子的核心。任何时态、语态,语气都是由谓语动词表示出来。所以在分析句子时首先要分析谓语动词。
1 z; x$ f/ |6 \  M6 S6 ~  动词有及物动词和不及物动词。根据他们的功能,可以构成下列几种基本句型。. B9 k4 e: Y" z6 {- H" U2 b

* x/ z3 B: d" k3 X  ①主语 系动词 表语(主系表结构),如:
, z: S3 {6 k+ U3 \; d3 q5 |! ^# ^. w7 B  This lesson is very difficult. 这课很难。- U. q  C9 G7 K6 s( e: Y$ k
  ②主语 不及物动词,如:
) H  U* U5 B8 C3 f& O6 [" M" n  He has come.他已经来了。
/ M$ T" P5 ^( d5 z4 J% \" A- {  ③主语 及物动词 宾语(主谓宾结构),如:3 v7 c; {3 j+ f/ r
  He reads English everyday. 他每天读英语。
3 I4 x; A* U+ B  k- d" X  ④主语 及物动词 间接宾语 直接宾语或主语及物动词 直接宾语 介词(to或for等) 间接宾语,如:
* d& {0 @' E7 s" t1 ^  His father bought him a new bike yesterday.  h- r2 r' F( M
  His father bought a new bike for him yesterday.9 y! ~4 H. ~& S6 Z8 |8 n$ U
  昨天他父亲给他买了一辆新自行车。) t, S; E; E, l" c! k
  ⑤主语 及物动词 宾语十宾语补语,如:, P% v8 k7 e0 c. c: p
  We made him our monitor.我们让他当班长。. P* U4 J3 l8 }' ]! c' |

$ U3 ]* b3 |$ f+ r: x' H3 `  2.主谓关系:任何简单的句子都有主语和谓语,在分析主谓关系是否一致时,可从三个方面考虑。即语法上的一致,语言内容上的一致和就近一致。
2 L) y1 w4 h* T: c* ~4 z8 q
% g7 S& Z6 m. D: N' Z( N, n* u# ]. _  ①语法上的一致:指谓语动词的形式要与主语的形式一致。主浯为单数形式,谓语动词也采取单数形式;主语为复数形式,谓语动词也采取复数形式。这个法则符合语法形式上一致的原则。
2 A5 [: J' m9 h$ F9 M8 Q  以单数名词或代词,动词不定式短语,动名词短浯或从句做主语时,谓语动词一般用单数形式。以what引起的从句做主语时,在大多数情况下其后面的谓语动词也用单数形式。如:
6 i7 m0 Q, |( l+ h" i1 P: I  What we have seen is different from what we have heard.
2 ]5 @6 C# n: L  (what从句作主语,动词用单数)
2 N' y% K$ K8 o2 a9 Z  To answer correctly is more important than to finish quickly,9 A! I2 N* `7 U7 W$ Q( c, S! L
  (不定式短语作主语)
+ \3 n% I# Y7 |5 [) Q  A great deal of work has been done to improve the people's living standard.
5 q. F% {) ]* f! z& T1 X" c  (不可数名词作主语)3 A/ X: p9 ~" D' T
  用“and”,和“both ... and”连接的并列主语,谓语动词多用复数形式,但并列主语如果指同一人、同一事物或同一概念的时候,and后面的名词没有冠词,谓语动词用单数形式。如:- H- l; O/ J- [) N" y0 \7 q$ T
  Both the man and his wife want to go to the cinema.
8 i0 |, K' A, S- q; a7 L  The poet and writer has come.
' R# i' H5 w5 T8 n; ~. G  Bread and butter is daily food in the West.
4 D4 D' ]: R; E! K) y+ }9 c5 q6 m: @: P
  主语是单数后面跟as well as,with,besides,along with,together with等,谓语动词仍用单数,如:
, }7 d6 ~2 H3 ~! W  The teacher as well as the students likes this novel.
" m0 v  U! O' N8 e  My sister,together with Jane and James,is gone.
: Y6 V" s5 E4 H. ]% k  @% t
" h# E2 g  R) n1 Z  一些有复数的名词,例如clothes,scissors,trousers,scales,spectacles等,作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式,但如在成双的东西的名词前面有pair of时,其谓语动词用单数。如:
0 n; Y5 f( X; ~3 ~) _0 q$ d! X) r  My trousers are being mended.+ C& ~. [/ b% h& Z  l( w+ y5 o; ?
  This pair of scissors belongs to me.
) v1 W# Y& B! }
  j1 R  ~3 g2 m! ^: C) N6 J! B  有些词尾有“s”的学科名称,做主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。如:
( P* O$ r! {( G' \/ F, P  Mathematics is taught here.
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  [/ v1 @" Y* B$ I6 n( O( I. R  ②语言内容上的一致:主要指从意义上考虑主谓一致的问题。主语形式上为单数,但意义上为复数,谓语动词要用复数形式;主语形式上是复数,但意义上为单数,谓语动词用单数形式。0 C+ Y+ v; p3 M' b$ E
  One hundred tons of water were used last week.(强调数量)
1 o5 ]: ^$ J' w/ q# f  Ten minutes is enough.(强调整体)! V7 C  d) b& w( V
  News is travelling fast nowadays.; U( n6 X9 u* b" Q8 ?2 H! y
  This glass works was built in 1985.- z! n& z9 M. _& Z! ]
  有复数意义的名词,如:police,militia,people,cattle等作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式。如:
8 h$ C+ g- v9 e, J  The police are trying to catch the thief who has stolen a bike.. b& v, J, k. j0 X: b: p1 j1 {
  Cattle feed on grass.
& p1 T4 [' t/ U& {' D' [* P$ @) j  有些集合名词,如:family,group,crowd,class,audience,government,committee。说话人把它们所表示的人或事当做整体看时,作单数看待,谓语动词用单数形式;说话者把它们表示的人或事物当做若干个体来看时,作复数看待,谓语动词也用复数形式。如:/ y9 H: g; ?' o6 E
  My family is large.6 ^, ^6 l" O* D6 S& P; q) ?9 l! |
  My family are anxious about his safety.% l- _' r* u* L" Q6 s

  G+ i  ?, v4 Z6 S, z* u  ③就近一致:由并列连词如:whether…or,not only…but also,either…or,neither…nor,or连接的并列主语,谓语动词与其最近的主语保持一致。如:
0 A  Y0 X# x' X& ^- u6 P  H  Either his friends or his brother is wrong.- `% @$ `& Q$ U, U( o! d# |
  Either his brother or his friends are wrong.
! \8 h% k2 T$ y6 B  Not only you but also he is wrong.3 Q4 K) @) Y; i5 K2 z  x
  Not only he but also you are wrong.
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