分析句子结构是对所学语法的综合运用。对句子的结构是否清楚、明白是能否正确解答问题的关键。因此学会如何分析句子对更深刻、准确地理解题意,提高解题能力至关重要。% O8 n0 V7 K3 O$ Z
. B4 j1 G. F* U8 z' t, L 所谓分析句子就是要剖析句子各个不同成分,并弄清楚他们彼此之间的关系。现对怎样分析句子做一简单介绍。
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分析句子的步骤:4 x- i7 X' o1 g/ @$ y
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①先找出句子的谓语动词,并考虑动词的性质。这是能否正确分析句子的关键。' G" q4 z' c" B- a" K
②找出和谓语关系最密切的句子成分——主语,审查两者之间的关系是否一致。
- |0 r8 {6 y$ A3 t ③确认动词性质后,进一步分析动词与其他句子成分的关系。如与宾语、宾语补足语、表语、状语以及与小品词的关系等。2 s/ c& L4 k' |. [
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现做具体说明如下:( |' F1 x0 \9 C
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1.谓语动词:谓语动词是句子的核心。任何时态、语态,语气都是由谓语动词表示出来。所以在分析句子时首先要分析谓语动词。, `3 @# t: L# R; h& O
动词有及物动词和不及物动词。根据他们的功能,可以构成下列几种基本句型。' n8 U! m% R" J/ n' ?
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①主语 系动词 表语(主系表结构),如:
/ w9 K$ q. c S! { This lesson is very difficult. 这课很难。
4 M/ A4 b+ {* X3 m0 q ②主语 不及物动词,如:' L; O5 T8 @) g4 T% R; w
He has come.他已经来了。
4 ?/ t( t% [4 D# ?0 O ③主语 及物动词 宾语(主谓宾结构),如:
0 Q( [ r h) u He reads English everyday. 他每天读英语。: r8 }- W% ]' |0 c2 E" V
④主语 及物动词 间接宾语 直接宾语或主语及物动词 直接宾语 介词(to或for等) 间接宾语,如:
; `2 N) J2 A, C# p His father bought him a new bike yesterday.
7 l4 ? ^1 o4 i F" M% }* }7 w His father bought a new bike for him yesterday.1 e, w& N8 h3 z) ?) ^
昨天他父亲给他买了一辆新自行车。1 Y4 A- ?+ j! z2 @3 h x% P
⑤主语 及物动词 宾语十宾语补语,如:
: t$ y. ~0 A" S+ N+ |) ` We made him our monitor.我们让他当班长。, h( v( O; }8 C) B0 ~6 N
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2.主谓关系:任何简单的句子都有主语和谓语,在分析主谓关系是否一致时,可从三个方面考虑。即语法上的一致,语言内容上的一致和就近一致。+ b5 u: f% {0 K1 m6 S$ ]: f6 y
) X$ b/ H0 B$ u4 z, P" p8 W ①语法上的一致:指谓语动词的形式要与主语的形式一致。主浯为单数形式,谓语动词也采取单数形式;主语为复数形式,谓语动词也采取复数形式。这个法则符合语法形式上一致的原则。0 a+ c& M6 n7 ]# W5 u
以单数名词或代词,动词不定式短语,动名词短浯或从句做主语时,谓语动词一般用单数形式。以what引起的从句做主语时,在大多数情况下其后面的谓语动词也用单数形式。如:
7 r% z6 R$ X6 }1 g What we have seen is different from what we have heard.
) r' x; m S; S& {( N (what从句作主语,动词用单数)3 Q$ a3 q& c8 W: y9 Q5 f( v
To answer correctly is more important than to finish quickly,% p4 b x9 Y2 F5 s1 `4 t3 g
(不定式短语作主语)
, I( ~) P2 }, e: l# Y7 ~ `8 ^ A great deal of work has been done to improve the people's living standard.2 c: r L( c% z! Q
(不可数名词作主语)# V; j$ ~: s& X: n0 V" q! J
用“and”,和“both ... and”连接的并列主语,谓语动词多用复数形式,但并列主语如果指同一人、同一事物或同一概念的时候,and后面的名词没有冠词,谓语动词用单数形式。如:% V7 @. M4 K7 ] v
Both the man and his wife want to go to the cinema.% M4 I3 a6 c" x4 \
The poet and writer has come.' Q p& c! O. ^( s' f& b0 u3 N
Bread and butter is daily food in the West.
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主语是单数后面跟as well as,with,besides,along with,together with等,谓语动词仍用单数,如:
# \6 j6 U6 x7 b: n3 Q" e9 L The teacher as well as the students likes this novel.' u J7 C7 d$ y5 @8 \
My sister,together with Jane and James,is gone. q- m3 A; M, i; E
$ v, m: g7 D0 W: q 一些有复数的名词,例如clothes,scissors,trousers,scales,spectacles等,作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式,但如在成双的东西的名词前面有pair of时,其谓语动词用单数。如:
/ R% |' l% Q) l3 X3 ] My trousers are being mended.
, {) V3 a4 z9 ]! c: a C9 { This pair of scissors belongs to me.) \; U) W" w" e
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有些词尾有“s”的学科名称,做主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。如:! @7 S5 U' L! v I$ ]- k: ]$ Q
Mathematics is taught here.
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②语言内容上的一致:主要指从意义上考虑主谓一致的问题。主语形式上为单数,但意义上为复数,谓语动词要用复数形式;主语形式上是复数,但意义上为单数,谓语动词用单数形式。: z5 O* p* t6 `6 k
One hundred tons of water were used last week.(强调数量)
, N1 x4 _( C' j t' r, n& H- }3 Y Ten minutes is enough.(强调整体)
( I0 L6 o8 G1 l ~7 v; G [ News is travelling fast nowadays.6 I7 z1 J* n& R: g- T( @: |
This glass works was built in 1985.5 ?+ D+ e& D/ }+ i6 A" b! d J
有复数意义的名词,如:police,militia,people,cattle等作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式。如:# a8 w& n( w) ~* F7 r
The police are trying to catch the thief who has stolen a bike.& Y& v6 H# v# e. c' Z
Cattle feed on grass.. Q2 c5 f: Y A+ B) P8 `
有些集合名词,如:family,group,crowd,class,audience,government,committee。说话人把它们所表示的人或事当做整体看时,作单数看待,谓语动词用单数形式;说话者把它们表示的人或事物当做若干个体来看时,作复数看待,谓语动词也用复数形式。如:9 k% L' C) a% V1 U; P" H6 H2 D
My family is large.( Q: R6 s9 s4 z: O+ I/ u$ {8 u
My family are anxious about his safety.
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③就近一致:由并列连词如:whether…or,not only…but also,either…or,neither…nor,or连接的并列主语,谓语动词与其最近的主语保持一致。如:
5 b* T4 e; z0 n4 ]9 C Either his friends or his brother is wrong.
, J, y* N w& h+ n& J, P Either his brother or his friends are wrong.* x4 |- L/ R5 W+ D
Not only you but also he is wrong.
; G; |; ~1 v$ Y5 r& q/ Z Not only he but also you are wrong. |