分析句子结构是对所学语法的综合运用。对句子的结构是否清楚、明白是能否正确解答问题的关键。因此学会如何分析句子对更深刻、准确地理解题意,提高解题能力至关重要。
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" [ ~1 t% f, f0 L. V 所谓分析句子就是要剖析句子各个不同成分,并弄清楚他们彼此之间的关系。现对怎样分析句子做一简单介绍。3 x J: S2 m( i7 h8 }# K% X
( P2 A# |9 P9 u$ p 分析句子的步骤:
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( f/ B; r; R) F ①先找出句子的谓语动词,并考虑动词的性质。这是能否正确分析句子的关键。
5 _& o# ]: r9 Q& V$ r a! e* H ②找出和谓语关系最密切的句子成分——主语,审查两者之间的关系是否一致。
1 U: x+ C% }# Q ③确认动词性质后,进一步分析动词与其他句子成分的关系。如与宾语、宾语补足语、表语、状语以及与小品词的关系等。
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现做具体说明如下:
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) d+ ~" N, Y4 D( Y 1.谓语动词:谓语动词是句子的核心。任何时态、语态,语气都是由谓语动词表示出来。所以在分析句子时首先要分析谓语动词。( ^8 t: u+ J2 d' x' b' j
动词有及物动词和不及物动词。根据他们的功能,可以构成下列几种基本句型。
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①主语 系动词 表语(主系表结构),如:$ w$ n; S0 f: S
This lesson is very difficult. 这课很难。3 U6 H0 ~, R& j; W
②主语 不及物动词,如:
, `4 O8 r( y; o* E9 Z) H He has come.他已经来了。
: n" r+ ~9 ?( N y9 ?4 J ③主语 及物动词 宾语(主谓宾结构),如:# t: H" X) x' c; K: M
He reads English everyday. 他每天读英语。+ l. `( C& [- l! P7 E" \
④主语 及物动词 间接宾语 直接宾语或主语及物动词 直接宾语 介词(to或for等) 间接宾语,如:% i4 C. A6 E. P& M4 ^4 v
His father bought him a new bike yesterday.
6 j8 T5 Z: e+ _6 z( B8 i His father bought a new bike for him yesterday.
6 F& ~1 M' q2 r! t5 Z* s+ M' F 昨天他父亲给他买了一辆新自行车。5 V. F _4 o; O" _( k% w
⑤主语 及物动词 宾语十宾语补语,如:
, J. o8 l- `0 W9 w" c) a- l/ [ We made him our monitor.我们让他当班长。
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2.主谓关系:任何简单的句子都有主语和谓语,在分析主谓关系是否一致时,可从三个方面考虑。即语法上的一致,语言内容上的一致和就近一致。
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. g/ n) s6 K; p. U/ R ①语法上的一致:指谓语动词的形式要与主语的形式一致。主浯为单数形式,谓语动词也采取单数形式;主语为复数形式,谓语动词也采取复数形式。这个法则符合语法形式上一致的原则。. W k) |5 M S% D# P4 O. P! a8 o& x
以单数名词或代词,动词不定式短语,动名词短浯或从句做主语时,谓语动词一般用单数形式。以what引起的从句做主语时,在大多数情况下其后面的谓语动词也用单数形式。如:
$ h9 _9 w; }; M5 l/ I) J: Z What we have seen is different from what we have heard.
! k; G; }' }5 L5 H) q# v (what从句作主语,动词用单数), n: d0 g7 H, v$ Q
To answer correctly is more important than to finish quickly,1 c3 }: s% c: G- e, C; _
(不定式短语作主语)
4 k U" Q. c) A* b" y8 O: y A great deal of work has been done to improve the people's living standard.$ Z$ g# o5 ~1 i3 O+ {( k& L5 Q- U K
(不可数名词作主语)/ Q( R* A/ ~5 ?/ j: |
用“and”,和“both ... and”连接的并列主语,谓语动词多用复数形式,但并列主语如果指同一人、同一事物或同一概念的时候,and后面的名词没有冠词,谓语动词用单数形式。如:3 A6 k8 n7 h2 l. L
Both the man and his wife want to go to the cinema.4 G* |; h* q4 T# b
The poet and writer has come.
' a l. t# S4 w6 C# V7 }) S8 o Bread and butter is daily food in the West.2 R) }! Y0 ]8 h: T# y$ |6 [8 V3 O
% A; t( ]4 B6 H4 W$ |3 n 主语是单数后面跟as well as,with,besides,along with,together with等,谓语动词仍用单数,如:
6 D0 L2 U# z3 N+ a, ? The teacher as well as the students likes this novel.
3 p$ ~0 Z- H. u: L& v My sister,together with Jane and James,is gone.% {# O3 o0 z7 B
' |! b, U6 b& ^& {/ b 一些有复数的名词,例如clothes,scissors,trousers,scales,spectacles等,作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式,但如在成双的东西的名词前面有pair of时,其谓语动词用单数。如:
, \5 Y" j2 C. s* x8 {! ^' w My trousers are being mended.
$ K: |6 i: N0 Z This pair of scissors belongs to me.
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有些词尾有“s”的学科名称,做主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。如:
) M4 D( ]% J! y' T9 o# ^ _ Mathematics is taught here.7 O0 i1 a- N& x
p7 b3 h8 A* s4 n ②语言内容上的一致:主要指从意义上考虑主谓一致的问题。主语形式上为单数,但意义上为复数,谓语动词要用复数形式;主语形式上是复数,但意义上为单数,谓语动词用单数形式。
% R* z9 U0 t6 c- G6 N. I One hundred tons of water were used last week.(强调数量)
# p7 L) U. t/ N' g: W0 r Ten minutes is enough.(强调整体)" `& r M- G# S. d. b+ m0 D) H
News is travelling fast nowadays.
1 v+ `( {+ {: I This glass works was built in 1985.2 N2 @1 f2 [( w$ B% R# C: _( Q+ }
有复数意义的名词,如:police,militia,people,cattle等作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式。如:
& |. T1 P# b* Y' ` The police are trying to catch the thief who has stolen a bike.
5 Z! a, T" z0 L Cattle feed on grass.* Z3 W7 n0 R8 h9 j2 n- N
有些集合名词,如:family,group,crowd,class,audience,government,committee。说话人把它们所表示的人或事当做整体看时,作单数看待,谓语动词用单数形式;说话者把它们表示的人或事物当做若干个体来看时,作复数看待,谓语动词也用复数形式。如:
* k6 |! H3 K* f& l5 n My family is large.5 R( Y! E* W; M0 T/ h* ?
My family are anxious about his safety.4 B. w) n( @3 L7 }7 u+ C J# ^
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③就近一致:由并列连词如:whether…or,not only…but also,either…or,neither…nor,or连接的并列主语,谓语动词与其最近的主语保持一致。如:4 h4 k: P1 M k4 M8 g. x
Either his friends or his brother is wrong.
& j7 R& r/ s. V* Q0 E Either his brother or his friends are wrong.
% `+ p* X1 p! i& T" } Not only you but also he is wrong.
8 b1 S% p3 M1 A9 N/ _ Not only he but also you are wrong. |