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[笔译初级] 初级笔译汉英翻译技巧

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发表于 2012-8-16 09:42:51 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式
 汉英翻译技巧的培养(translation competence development)应涉及以下内容:$ A$ N& U  V* t4 _% o6 \
  一.要培养对英语的语感和悟性(language intuition – open and alert mind to pick up idioms, specific expressions, etc.);7 i. v4 L- l" i% `- c1 s
  二.要培养对英语的判断能力和鉴赏能力(evaluation capacity – judgment);
. [3 ]; ^: `/ c* U( s5 Q  N5 Q9 k  三.要培养对英语的洞察能力和剖析能力(power of observation – insight);
, X+ n) H& f1 U8 [  四.要培养对英语细微特征的反应能力(linguistic nuances alertness); -, A+ t# _+ E) H
  五.要培养对社会文化和跨文化交流的敏感性(social-cultural sensitivity – cross-cultural awareness);, }" e. p6 i& I1 _
  六.要培养对英语和汉语之间差别的意识 (sense of differences between Chinese and English);7 x! M* z# h5 Y* w/ g& R
  七.要培养对英语和汉语之间的辩证关系的认识 (awareness of the dialectic relationship between Chinese and English);& m4 T. w% o2 e5 s/ u, Q  O
  八.要培养对英语“洋为中用”的意识 (“use things foreign to serve Chinese purposes”);
" u4 c) @' R$ y, U  九.要培养对英语 “学以致用” 的意识 (apply what you have learned in your translation);; @6 U* b2 i4 W2 b+ [" ?
  十.要培养对翻译的多层次、多角度的立体思维方式 (a multi-tier approach )。8 C  {. v  z3 x, h( A* r
  十一.一名称职的翻译工作者必须懂得什么是翻译的真谛(a clear conception of what translation is)。
5 O: Y) E+ F5 B4 p" T  十二.一名优秀的翻译人员必须具有高屋建瓴的视角 (great powers of conception)。   
' q$ T% q# j8 e* s  g% j# l+ [  各种能力和意识的培养都需要加强翻译意识的锻炼:   
, Q! Y7 _  p- h& y1 T  }. a3 m4 X' e  第一:要对翻译的重要性有深刻的、充分的认识,翻译的对与错、好与坏有时会产生绝然不同的效果。例如,天涯海角:不是the End of the World (应为Land’s End / End of the Earth) 。再如,一小时内免费送机票上门:不是We give you tickets free of charge within one hour.(应为We offer free delivery of your air tickets within one hour after your booking confirmation.)  }* d2 C7 }2 s# l6 |
  第二:要善于仔细地、深入地、准确地理解中文原文的意思。这是因为准确的理解是做好翻译的前提。例如,摸着石头过河:不是crossing the river by feeling the stones。(而是wade across the stream by feeling the way )正确的做法应该是按照下面的步骤去做:
9 s4 K& W: r) A2 Z; P8 M  1.“摸着石头过河”的字面意思如何理解?
! p  [+ k! G6 o. R) g$ L  2.它有什么暗含或延伸的意思?# n4 [5 L; ^2 s! g7 k) Y& Q
  3.英语里有没有相同或类似的说法?.如果有,就可以直接借用;如果没有,是进行直译还是意译?7 E+ ]- ?5 g4 T3 ?
  4.如果直译为 crossing the river by feeling the stones是否能被外国人理解?
- }" t4 ~* {6 F2 P$ Y6 c  O2 H1 t3 E  5.过河是乘船过(crossing by boat)还是淌水过(wading across),动词用什么形式?
6 j6 s+ [4 g8 I4 W9 D; F' u8 C  6.这里的河是大河、中河还是小河 (river, stream, brook, etc.)?
% V: z2 x: y7 a* W6 m1 e  7.摸的方式是用手摸还是用脚触?
9 D( \6 l5 O3 y7 P3 `  8.石头是大石头还是小石头(rock, stone, pebble, etc.)?
+ ~  _4 \8 x8 _( D1 ~  ?- R  9.如果意译为 learning by experiment / by trial and error是否可取?
; X3 W3 j, Z. @  10.直译和意译相结合wading across the stream by feeling the way如何?  j4 m7 }+ }/ G) T8 t! e
  第三:中文和英文的对应词有时意思并不相同或者不完全相同,不能照字面翻译。例如,他的英语说得真好,就像外国人一样。不是He speaks English so well, he sounds like a foreigner.而是He speaks English so well, he sounds like a native speaker.
- d( u6 v* z  D/ ]  拉动经济增长:不是pull economic growth,而是push/lift/increase/boost/stimulate/spur/drive/fuel/speed up/accelerate/generate/ fire up/ propel/ facilitate/reinforce/aid/assist/support/promote/encourage/foster/(sustain/maintain)。素质教育:不是quality education,而是caliber-focused education 或trait-centered education。- g3 O8 m! V7 \! M
  第四:有时候中文字面的意思表达不充分,部分信息被省略了或被隐藏起来了。例如,特区是个窗口,是技术的窗口,管理的窗口,知识的窗口,也是对外政策的窗口。不是:The special zone is a window. It is a widow for introducing technology, management and knowledge. It is also a window for foreign policy.
# y; U4 B: ~# `) }  而是The special economic zones are a window opening onto the outside world. They are a window through which to bring in from abroad sophisticated technology, advanced managerial expertise and up-to-date know-how. It is also a window through which to disseminate China’s external policies.. v( @! ?/ e+ ]) F
  再如,退耕还林:不是return farmland to forest,而应该是restore “woodland-converted farm-plots” back for afforesting 。春运:不是spring transportation,而是the rush / peak season of passenger transportation during the Spring Festival。, h3 g3 X' a, x% n
  第五:有些中文词语没有什么特殊涵义,而与之相对应的英文词语却有着特殊的涵义。例如,与“便宜”、“价廉”相对应的“cheap,”它有时候会带有贬义,成为“质次价低”的意,如cheap jewelries, cheap dresses, cheap furniture 等。我们可以说I bought a cheap watch for my child,对小孩无所谓;但不能说I bought a cheap dress for my girlfriend. 因为这样说会冒犯对方。在后一种情况下必须用inexpensive一词。
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 楼主| 发表于 2012-8-16 09:42:52 | 显示全部楼层

初级笔译汉英翻译技巧

第六:避免用中式英语进行表达,而要尽量用地道的英语进行表达。假如我们要把“我过去学过一些法语,但现在都忘了,都还给老师了”这句话翻译成英语,最好不要说 I learned some French in the past. Now I have forgotten it. I’ve returned it to the teacher. 比较好的说法是 I used to know some French, but I’ve forgotten it. It has found its way back to my teacher.
' V1 E8 L5 P0 Y$ N% E: B  再比如我们要用英语说“我攒了一大堆赃衣服,等着周末来洗,”最好不要说I have accumulated a large amount of dirty clothes. I’m going to wash them at the weekend. 比较好的说法是 I have a lot of laundry to catch up at the weekend.
5 ]8 P7 ]9 N, V  第七:根据不同场合,英语的表达有庄重(formal) 与随意(informal) 之分。比如“禁止吸烟”(No Smoking)、“请勿吸烟”(Thank you for not smoking) 和“为了您和他人的健康,请勿在此吸烟”(For hygiene’s sake, please refrain yourself from smoking in this room.)下面两组例子中都各包含有formal- normal - informal 三种文体风格(style):6 }+ M5 l7 x/ _7 K+ ~, i! p
  Please await instructions before dispatching items.
: O5 D& K1 Y7 v7 R  Please wait for instructions before sending items off.
+ Y2 i& m8 F  S' @8 _! E: X  Don’t send anything off until you’re told to do so.
5 x- Z* r2 x7 [# ?/ i  Essential measures should be undertaken at the earliest opportunity.
2 j( Z% o! X+ _8 |  One should undertake any necessary measures at the earliest opportunity.2 y) m+ N9 J% }8 T  P; c
  You should do whatever you have to as soon as you can.
' B9 c( T  j/ R% s: ^! ]  第八:要注意各行各业的不同术语的选择。比如我们要把“专业签证人员”翻译成英语,那么我们就要按照外交用语的习惯把它翻译为visa officers,而不应该照字面上翻译成specialized visa personnel。“安居工程” 的英译不是housing project for low-income urban residents,而应该按照社会经济用语的习惯翻译为the Affordable Housing Program; “信息化”的英译不是informatization 或informationization,而应该按照高科技行业习惯翻译为the spreading / sweeping information explosion / the information explosion process / trend; “外资企业”的英译不是overseas-funded enterprises,而应该按照外贸行业习惯翻译为enterprises with foreign investment / enterprises with foreign elements;再比如,高速公路上的警示语“请勿疲劳驾驶,”翻译成英语不是Don’t drive tiredly,按照交通法规术语应该翻译为Drowsy driving is dangerous 或Drive alert, arrive alive。9 V( F8 [4 z+ p3 N9 Z2 y
  第九:注意汉语和英语之间的文化差异。把“相声”翻译成英语不能只是翻译其形式,还要翻译其内涵。翻译成cross talk 外国人不明白;不如翻译为comic dialogue 更好懂。再如,假设我们要把“以外贸为龙头”翻译成英语,能不能直接翻译为with foreign trade as the dragon head呢?这样翻译是很难让外国人明白的,因为“以……为龙头”这个说法是源自耍龙灯的习俗,而多数外国人不一定熟悉中国人的这一习俗。为了取得好的翻译效果,最好是用能够跨越文化障碍的表达方法,如“火车头”或“旗舰”:with foreign trade as the locomotive / flagship。9 J3 D6 ~& _9 [- v# A4 a7 P* P
  但是不能机械地对待一切类似的翻译问题,我们的头脑里应该有一点辩证法。比如汉语的“鱼米之乡”(land of fish and rice),在英语里有一个类似的说法land of milk and honey,但由于land of fish and rice 外国人也能理解,不会造成跨化交流的障碍,所以我们可以采用land of fish and rice的说法,以保留一点中国的特色。/ ^* `9 r0 W! K
  第十:对于暗含的意思,必须把它明白地翻译出来,这样便于外国读者理解。例如,”东边日出西边雨,道是无晴却有晴”中的“晴”字,它是个双关语,有“天晴”和“爱情”的双重意思。我们在翻译的时候,必须做到二者兼顾:
( [* i, r, R* R0 @! ?) r. e: f1 ^  It’s sunny in the east but in the west it’s raining hard.
) L, f+ d5 r* k% X( s  Whether rain or sunshine, he’s the sunshine in my heart.7 g9 P0 G' }$ C2 Y, N; B8 G% H, m
  再如,“这种鞋油为您足下增光”中的“足下”也是个双关语,翻译的时候也必须把两层意思都表达出来:This shoe shine shines your shoes and you look great.
# D) ~( K* B  u! q1 `  第十一:有时候,比如翻译诗句,光翻译字面上的意思是不够的,还必须把字里行间的深度、力量和美感表达出来。例如,朱门酒肉臭,路有冻死骨:不是 Wines and   meats become rotten in the mansions; Dead bones become rotten at the doors of them, 而是:In the mansions, rolling luxury allows wine and meat to go rotten away;On the streets, grinding poverty causes dead bodies to freeze and decay.
0 S. e  d. Y+ ^  第十二:汉语和英语在语法语序和句子结构上都有很大的差别。因此,在进行中译英的时候必须要考虑到这些方面的变化。例如,改革开放开放取得了巨大的成就:不是The economic reform and the opening-up have made great achievements. 而是把“巨大的成就”当作主语,把主动语态变成被动语态:Great achievements have been made in the economic reform and in our efforts to open-up China to the outside world.
4 N7 x3 M. d( r1 r4 N# X# w. R综上所述,一个好的翻译人员必须具有高屋见瓴的视角,要懂得翻译的真谛是什么。要想提高汉英翻译水平,必须加强对上述各种意识的培养。必须养成多层次、多角度的思维习惯。
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