汉英翻译技巧的培养(translation competence development)应涉及以下内容:$ A$ N& U V* t4 _% o6 \
一.要培养对英语的语感和悟性(language intuition – open and alert mind to pick up idioms, specific expressions, etc.);7 i. v4 L- l" i% `- c1 s
二.要培养对英语的判断能力和鉴赏能力(evaluation capacity – judgment);
. [3 ]; ^: `/ c* U( s5 Q N5 Q9 k 三.要培养对英语的洞察能力和剖析能力(power of observation – insight);
, X+ n) H& f1 U8 [ 四.要培养对英语细微特征的反应能力(linguistic nuances alertness); -, A+ t# _+ E) H
五.要培养对社会文化和跨文化交流的敏感性(social-cultural sensitivity – cross-cultural awareness);, }" e. p6 i& I1 _
六.要培养对英语和汉语之间差别的意识 (sense of differences between Chinese and English);7 x! M* z# h5 Y* w/ g& R
七.要培养对英语和汉语之间的辩证关系的认识 (awareness of the dialectic relationship between Chinese and English);& m4 T. w% o2 e5 s/ u, Q O
八.要培养对英语“洋为中用”的意识 (“use things foreign to serve Chinese purposes”);
" u4 c) @' R$ y, U 九.要培养对英语 “学以致用” 的意识 (apply what you have learned in your translation);; @6 U* b2 i4 W2 b+ [" ?
十.要培养对翻译的多层次、多角度的立体思维方式 (a multi-tier approach )。8 C {. v z3 x, h( A* r
十一.一名称职的翻译工作者必须懂得什么是翻译的真谛(a clear conception of what translation is)。
5 O: Y) E+ F5 B4 p" T 十二.一名优秀的翻译人员必须具有高屋建瓴的视角 (great powers of conception)。
' q$ T% q# j8 e* s g% j# l+ [ 各种能力和意识的培养都需要加强翻译意识的锻炼:
, Q! Y7 _ p- h& y1 T }. a3 m4 X' e 第一:要对翻译的重要性有深刻的、充分的认识,翻译的对与错、好与坏有时会产生绝然不同的效果。例如,天涯海角:不是the End of the World (应为Land’s End / End of the Earth) 。再如,一小时内免费送机票上门:不是We give you tickets free of charge within one hour.(应为We offer free delivery of your air tickets within one hour after your booking confirmation.) }* d2 C7 }2 s# l6 |
第二:要善于仔细地、深入地、准确地理解中文原文的意思。这是因为准确的理解是做好翻译的前提。例如,摸着石头过河:不是crossing the river by feeling the stones。(而是wade across the stream by feeling the way )正确的做法应该是按照下面的步骤去做:
9 s4 K& W: r) A2 Z; P8 M 1.“摸着石头过河”的字面意思如何理解?
! p [+ k! G6 o. R) g$ L 2.它有什么暗含或延伸的意思?# n4 [5 L; ^2 s! g7 k) Y& Q
3.英语里有没有相同或类似的说法?.如果有,就可以直接借用;如果没有,是进行直译还是意译?7 E+ ]- ?5 g4 T3 ?
4.如果直译为 crossing the river by feeling the stones是否能被外国人理解?
- }" t4 ~* {6 F2 P$ Y6 c O2 H1 t3 E 5.过河是乘船过(crossing by boat)还是淌水过(wading across),动词用什么形式?
6 j6 s+ [4 g8 I4 W9 D; F' u8 C 6.这里的河是大河、中河还是小河 (river, stream, brook, etc.)?
% V: z2 x: y7 a* W6 m1 e 7.摸的方式是用手摸还是用脚触?
9 D( \6 l5 O3 y7 P3 ` 8.石头是大石头还是小石头(rock, stone, pebble, etc.)?
+ ~ _4 \8 x8 _( D1 ~ ?- R 9.如果意译为 learning by experiment / by trial and error是否可取?
; X3 W3 j, Z. @ 10.直译和意译相结合wading across the stream by feeling the way如何? j4 m7 }+ }/ G) T8 t! e
第三:中文和英文的对应词有时意思并不相同或者不完全相同,不能照字面翻译。例如,他的英语说得真好,就像外国人一样。不是He speaks English so well, he sounds like a foreigner.而是He speaks English so well, he sounds like a native speaker.
- d( u6 v* z D/ ] 拉动经济增长:不是pull economic growth,而是push/lift/increase/boost/stimulate/spur/drive/fuel/speed up/accelerate/generate/ fire up/ propel/ facilitate/reinforce/aid/assist/support/promote/encourage/foster/(sustain/maintain)。素质教育:不是quality education,而是caliber-focused education 或trait-centered education。- g3 O8 m! V7 \! M
第四:有时候中文字面的意思表达不充分,部分信息被省略了或被隐藏起来了。例如,特区是个窗口,是技术的窗口,管理的窗口,知识的窗口,也是对外政策的窗口。不是:The special zone is a window. It is a widow for introducing technology, management and knowledge. It is also a window for foreign policy.
# y; U4 B: ~# `) } 而是The special economic zones are a window opening onto the outside world. They are a window through which to bring in from abroad sophisticated technology, advanced managerial expertise and up-to-date know-how. It is also a window through which to disseminate China’s external policies.. v( @! ?/ e+ ]) F
再如,退耕还林:不是return farmland to forest,而应该是restore “woodland-converted farm-plots” back for afforesting 。春运:不是spring transportation,而是the rush / peak season of passenger transportation during the Spring Festival。, h3 g3 X' a, x% n
第五:有些中文词语没有什么特殊涵义,而与之相对应的英文词语却有着特殊的涵义。例如,与“便宜”、“价廉”相对应的“cheap,”它有时候会带有贬义,成为“质次价低”的意,如cheap jewelries, cheap dresses, cheap furniture 等。我们可以说I bought a cheap watch for my child,对小孩无所谓;但不能说I bought a cheap dress for my girlfriend. 因为这样说会冒犯对方。在后一种情况下必须用inexpensive一词。 |