汉英翻译技巧的培养(translation competence development)应涉及以下内容:
@: U& l& N' q) F 一.要培养对英语的语感和悟性(language intuition – open and alert mind to pick up idioms, specific expressions, etc.); w% ?- k% ~' L
二.要培养对英语的判断能力和鉴赏能力(evaluation capacity – judgment);6 N6 d0 |5 v/ C4 l
三.要培养对英语的洞察能力和剖析能力(power of observation – insight);$ i8 k4 Z( a! p5 d3 C z
四.要培养对英语细微特征的反应能力(linguistic nuances alertness); -/ ?5 f+ Q7 s" c+ ^
五.要培养对社会文化和跨文化交流的敏感性(social-cultural sensitivity – cross-cultural awareness);
6 i5 P6 x4 D: K7 b* X 六.要培养对英语和汉语之间差别的意识 (sense of differences between Chinese and English);) l. y! y5 u3 }2 C6 r$ q
七.要培养对英语和汉语之间的辩证关系的认识 (awareness of the dialectic relationship between Chinese and English);9 N2 w! H6 l- d6 B9 ]0 H! l+ i
八.要培养对英语“洋为中用”的意识 (“use things foreign to serve Chinese purposes”);
* ~4 b# O7 l+ W/ q/ I; o 九.要培养对英语 “学以致用” 的意识 (apply what you have learned in your translation);) \( ~7 ^; n( t c0 } |1 I
十.要培养对翻译的多层次、多角度的立体思维方式 (a multi-tier approach )。
r8 F3 K. o' x$ s/ r 十一.一名称职的翻译工作者必须懂得什么是翻译的真谛(a clear conception of what translation is)。
( j u- B9 R; K+ d 十二.一名优秀的翻译人员必须具有高屋建瓴的视角 (great powers of conception)。
& O j$ X& }+ D 各种能力和意识的培养都需要加强翻译意识的锻炼:
; X8 t& S$ r4 h 第一:要对翻译的重要性有深刻的、充分的认识,翻译的对与错、好与坏有时会产生绝然不同的效果。例如,天涯海角:不是the End of the World (应为Land’s End / End of the Earth) 。再如,一小时内免费送机票上门:不是We give you tickets free of charge within one hour.(应为We offer free delivery of your air tickets within one hour after your booking confirmation.)
7 E B% p$ @" w% ] L 第二:要善于仔细地、深入地、准确地理解中文原文的意思。这是因为准确的理解是做好翻译的前提。例如,摸着石头过河:不是crossing the river by feeling the stones。(而是wade across the stream by feeling the way )正确的做法应该是按照下面的步骤去做:8 y: l1 B" q* Q( Q y) R6 R4 ~
1.“摸着石头过河”的字面意思如何理解?
! V5 X( \: b8 [/ x 2.它有什么暗含或延伸的意思?. { z& ]# O4 R$ l: D: _! [4 |
3.英语里有没有相同或类似的说法?.如果有,就可以直接借用;如果没有,是进行直译还是意译?
: D* D" q" J, g* m 4.如果直译为 crossing the river by feeling the stones是否能被外国人理解?
& x0 C5 R* Q+ p2 d2 N( g4 Z2 J4 K 5.过河是乘船过(crossing by boat)还是淌水过(wading across),动词用什么形式?$ m* T. l; g* a" {, p, C+ |1 B
6.这里的河是大河、中河还是小河 (river, stream, brook, etc.)?
7 G; G \3 n* {+ g 7.摸的方式是用手摸还是用脚触?( c* p% L( `" J0 u
8.石头是大石头还是小石头(rock, stone, pebble, etc.)?
: ]! l# Z, e7 o9 h! ^, D+ I 9.如果意译为 learning by experiment / by trial and error是否可取?
( i; e$ r; W" B 10.直译和意译相结合wading across the stream by feeling the way如何?
; V2 y& x3 p' [3 `# [ 第三:中文和英文的对应词有时意思并不相同或者不完全相同,不能照字面翻译。例如,他的英语说得真好,就像外国人一样。不是He speaks English so well, he sounds like a foreigner.而是He speaks English so well, he sounds like a native speaker.
6 o c2 r0 |3 b; f( p0 L 拉动经济增长:不是pull economic growth,而是push/lift/increase/boost/stimulate/spur/drive/fuel/speed up/accelerate/generate/ fire up/ propel/ facilitate/reinforce/aid/assist/support/promote/encourage/foster/(sustain/maintain)。素质教育:不是quality education,而是caliber-focused education 或trait-centered education。$ l4 ^* q" M) `& @& @9 K
第四:有时候中文字面的意思表达不充分,部分信息被省略了或被隐藏起来了。例如,特区是个窗口,是技术的窗口,管理的窗口,知识的窗口,也是对外政策的窗口。不是:The special zone is a window. It is a widow for introducing technology, management and knowledge. It is also a window for foreign policy.
4 d9 u& p: P0 p( Z 而是The special economic zones are a window opening onto the outside world. They are a window through which to bring in from abroad sophisticated technology, advanced managerial expertise and up-to-date know-how. It is also a window through which to disseminate China’s external policies.
' g1 q2 e H, X" H# q4 |* e" e 再如,退耕还林:不是return farmland to forest,而应该是restore “woodland-converted farm-plots” back for afforesting 。春运:不是spring transportation,而是the rush / peak season of passenger transportation during the Spring Festival。
8 t9 x, T7 A8 T- o 第五:有些中文词语没有什么特殊涵义,而与之相对应的英文词语却有着特殊的涵义。例如,与“便宜”、“价廉”相对应的“cheap,”它有时候会带有贬义,成为“质次价低”的意,如cheap jewelries, cheap dresses, cheap furniture 等。我们可以说I bought a cheap watch for my child,对小孩无所谓;但不能说I bought a cheap dress for my girlfriend. 因为这样说会冒犯对方。在后一种情况下必须用inexpensive一词。 |