动名词是一种非谓语动词,它的形式与现在分词相同,具有名词和动词的某些特征,它可以带宾语、状语等构成动名词短语,在句中不能单独做谓语。
1 r( D6 |% G* l% w+ A9 o 一、动名词的时态(Tense), H% }! e$ A5 A0 y: q4 m
以动词do为例:
2 T( r1 t$ {3 I6 ?0 Q* X( W 主动 被动 一般式 doing being done 完成式 having done having been done 从上述表格可以看出,动名词和现在分词的时态完全相同,而非谓语动词之间的区别主要是用法上的区别。动名词和现在分词形式相同,用法却大相径庭,动名词一般式表示的动作通常与谓语动词的动作几乎同时发生,而动名词的完成式则表示动作在谓语动词的动作之前已发生。
- K' j& y9 q. e; A* l0 y 例句: Mr. Jankin regretted blaming his secretary for the mistake, for he later discovered it was his own fault.(regretted与blaming所表示动作几乎同时发生)# Y) A) Q1 N9 A- d5 @
分析: 该句是复合句。动名词blaming在句中作宾语,it was his own fault是discovered的宾语从句。
w7 S2 C. @0 z% d9 u6 t, v% z. h. T 译文: 坚金先生后悔责怪秘书了,因为他后来发现是自己的过错。% L) k4 C2 x) {/ e/ P
例句: ——Did you find out who had stolen my watch?3 _; b& W6 I- ]! S1 L1 p* s
——That child didnt admit having done that.(having done所表示动作在动词admit 前已经发生)
9 q9 X2 E6 k$ o8 g1 u7 O0 E0 J 分析: 前一分句是一复合句,who had stolen my watch作find out的宾语,后一分句是一简单句。4 T6 t/ U# n8 D& @' _
译文: ——你查出是谁把我的手表盗走了吗?/ y) s' ]3 j% e- [2 e0 }" H0 `
——那个孩子不承认是他干的。
% H& K+ w5 o( }; T1 Y `: t 例句: I appreciated having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.(having been given所表示动作在谓语动词appreciated之前已发生)! Q5 f! V( Q3 R
分析: 该句是简单句。
5 ?2 `+ c y2 ?( P0 ~, I) q 译文: 我很感谢两年前给我出国进修的机会。
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二、动名词的用法(Usage)
$ ?! ~$ @6 |4 L (一)充当主语' u" I, G' M) M; r# H" E# O
例句: Knowing what youre good at and doing even more of it creates excellence.+ ^( v/ O- B8 ~, U
(选自2009年Text 1)/ v& V6 @* n- s- l
分析: 该句是复合句,其中主语中what youre good at作knowing的宾语。
/ c5 ]8 I8 ^6 V/ [) v& `9 I( t3 } 译文: 假如你了解自己在哪方面擅长并且更多地去实践就能创造辉煌。# B) L$ Z$ m6 i1 L1 |2 l( j, v
例句: Doing your homework is a sure way to improve your test scores, and this is especially true when it comes to classroom tests. (1998年第6题)
4 u7 F5 y# }* e+ y 分析: 该句是复合句。when引导一时间状语从句。2 v. R! a4 [, i4 F6 F7 F5 t
译文: 做作业是提高你考试成绩的有效之策;对于随堂测试,该方法尤为可靠。
8 [. ~. _. @" ~, O z (二)充当表语6 F! n; B5 Q& Q% ]7 ]! Y7 `
例句: We should always keep in mind that our work is serving the people.
- W0 @( L5 B2 X& {1 J 分析: 该句是复合句,其中that our work is serving the people在句中作keep的宾语,短语keep sth. in mind意为“牢记……”。; a3 B7 f% J4 C5 Y! Y x; G! D4 \+ h
译文: 我们应切实牢记我们的工作是为人民服务。& D X" S; I$ K' F9 U
例句: Reading is learning, but applying is also learning and the more important kind of learning at that.
) q# S9 d, `( K/ B5 @# h1 ^( k7 d; a 分析: 该句是并列句。$ b" ?; P* J) b' T4 y
译文: 读书是学习,但使用也是学习,而且是更重要的学习。
5 T! }+ \* E: k6 [3 R# I) ] (三)充当宾语8 z, N3 O) B, C* o
例句: Discussions at home can help kids practice doing these things and help them apply these skills to everyday life situations. (选自2007年Part B)
: w. o+ P0 U, ^( N6 Q$ C! Z 分析: 该句是简单句。help kids practice...与help them apply...是两并列谓语。
- K2 t* O; f; @5 E2 F! n 译文: 在家中的讨论可以帮助孩子练习这些事情,也可以帮助他们把这些技能应用到现实的生活中去。- o+ A4 |- F% j* v' Z0 _2 B* Q
例句: In dealing with a challenge on such a scale, it is no exaggeration to say “United we stand, divided we fall”.(2005年第50题)& z2 c5 M! u+ E5 K8 o+ e' y
分析: 该句是简单句。其中it是形式主语,真正的主语是to say “United we stand, divided we fall”。 m: p5 \, J3 N
译文: 在应对如此大规模的挑战时,我们可以毫不夸张地说:“联合,我们就生存;分裂,我们就灭亡”。
6 m( ^2 y, m# g' j8 Q$ I7 O% M (四)充当定语& s1 u/ }5 z3 p; G0 T
例句: In the past, he was the only person in the village that could drive walking tractor, which made most of the villagers jealous.3 l& }9 |5 x; ?# s" i8 g5 u; w$ i
分析: 该句是复合句。that could drive walking tractor是修饰the only person的定语从句,非限制性定语从句which made most of the villagers jealous修饰的是前面整个句子。7 l9 ^# D: m# w- H! w8 ^9 x
译文: 他过去是村里唯一会开拖拉机的人,这令大多数村民羡慕不已。$ b; B$ U0 @1 k2 v) s" W
例句: The workers are busy building a listening room, which will have been finished by the end of this semester.) c" Y; |* r- p# s' R
分析: 该句是复合句。非限制性定语从句which will have been finished by the end of this semester修饰a listening room。) J6 W; P Q% d* h* \! I
译文: 工人们正在修建的语音室将在本学期末竣工。 |