动名词是一种非谓语动词,它的形式与现在分词相同,具有名词和动词的某些特征,它可以带宾语、状语等构成动名词短语,在句中不能单独做谓语。( N9 X1 s8 |1 `6 m% \. p8 h
一、动名词的时态(Tense)
$ | [0 r4 [) ]5 f) I 以动词do为例:
* b) M8 G4 j9 L& U$ @/ k 主动 被动 一般式 doing being done 完成式 having done having been done 从上述表格可以看出,动名词和现在分词的时态完全相同,而非谓语动词之间的区别主要是用法上的区别。动名词和现在分词形式相同,用法却大相径庭,动名词一般式表示的动作通常与谓语动词的动作几乎同时发生,而动名词的完成式则表示动作在谓语动词的动作之前已发生。: k* x' ]4 w# d: W
例句: Mr. Jankin regretted blaming his secretary for the mistake, for he later discovered it was his own fault.(regretted与blaming所表示动作几乎同时发生)/ Y% _# A! ]# \& o% A& K6 X
分析: 该句是复合句。动名词blaming在句中作宾语,it was his own fault是discovered的宾语从句。/ f' a' T% x: a5 e0 p
译文: 坚金先生后悔责怪秘书了,因为他后来发现是自己的过错。2 V; T; }6 }+ }0 W
例句: ——Did you find out who had stolen my watch?6 u, P" P' S# G8 z
——That child didnt admit having done that.(having done所表示动作在动词admit 前已经发生)
' ]7 {# X4 O; z6 g$ R2 L 分析: 前一分句是一复合句,who had stolen my watch作find out的宾语,后一分句是一简单句。- c$ x0 A& l6 f) A- {
译文: ——你查出是谁把我的手表盗走了吗?( K6 J7 a2 X" o4 q
——那个孩子不承认是他干的。; @0 x8 T8 [5 J# b
例句: I appreciated having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.(having been given所表示动作在谓语动词appreciated之前已发生). O2 L Z$ }0 ^, f+ i5 n6 Q8 m
分析: 该句是简单句。* `5 W' o& g' r9 Z" ?7 c0 h5 Y9 P4 |' z
译文: 我很感谢两年前给我出国进修的机会。% s7 z7 m4 v0 h8 W8 K
* W& n1 N1 b+ o& o; d$ U$ d( c
二、动名词的用法(Usage)
" T8 r) l6 Z- Q0 G4 F% \ (一)充当主语
Z- d' P6 q, m' s; ~/ v 例句: Knowing what youre good at and doing even more of it creates excellence.
0 B# x8 D% G n5 q9 I Z" x; E$ u (选自2009年Text 1)
) E; ~+ [1 m9 n1 Q5 m 分析: 该句是复合句,其中主语中what youre good at作knowing的宾语。* [( F/ B( V1 r: k
译文: 假如你了解自己在哪方面擅长并且更多地去实践就能创造辉煌。9 i0 v+ n3 ~; }5 x1 e7 t
例句: Doing your homework is a sure way to improve your test scores, and this is especially true when it comes to classroom tests. (1998年第6题)
& p0 t' v9 ]5 M1 n9 _7 x/ ^ 分析: 该句是复合句。when引导一时间状语从句。
$ w4 l5 A9 ?0 o! D 译文: 做作业是提高你考试成绩的有效之策;对于随堂测试,该方法尤为可靠。
" v4 l% X0 g6 b6 k5 ^4 Z* u (二)充当表语
3 v/ B I8 D% G5 U 例句: We should always keep in mind that our work is serving the people.5 f6 L3 b4 q5 K1 D9 B3 W* K
分析: 该句是复合句,其中that our work is serving the people在句中作keep的宾语,短语keep sth. in mind意为“牢记……”。7 s: @0 G; R2 O$ y2 v" V) R
译文: 我们应切实牢记我们的工作是为人民服务。) @- q; y: O% g9 L4 c
例句: Reading is learning, but applying is also learning and the more important kind of learning at that.
( F, y, j& ~) V' {$ o8 I* W 分析: 该句是并列句。; ^/ V s* _0 G$ G" j/ w+ t
译文: 读书是学习,但使用也是学习,而且是更重要的学习。: A) P: a# X' T* V) W
(三)充当宾语
- p2 y0 @% I# O# v& }$ R2 _ 例句: Discussions at home can help kids practice doing these things and help them apply these skills to everyday life situations. (选自2007年Part B)7 ^8 ~0 q- V. P% H% B
分析: 该句是简单句。help kids practice...与help them apply...是两并列谓语。
\& z2 T: k7 [ 译文: 在家中的讨论可以帮助孩子练习这些事情,也可以帮助他们把这些技能应用到现实的生活中去。$ X- B: m$ x) G+ h4 Y9 l
例句: In dealing with a challenge on such a scale, it is no exaggeration to say “United we stand, divided we fall”.(2005年第50题)+ W" c1 {+ X0 [9 Y$ j
分析: 该句是简单句。其中it是形式主语,真正的主语是to say “United we stand, divided we fall”。2 Q& ?0 F. {! j+ p" k8 Q+ Q! N5 r* I0 `
译文: 在应对如此大规模的挑战时,我们可以毫不夸张地说:“联合,我们就生存;分裂,我们就灭亡”。
* S$ _; M9 {* z* c9 z% s a# n (四)充当定语
, Q6 D% _8 @# x5 @7 ~* | 例句: In the past, he was the only person in the village that could drive walking tractor, which made most of the villagers jealous.0 @3 t2 F5 [9 A8 S1 F
分析: 该句是复合句。that could drive walking tractor是修饰the only person的定语从句,非限制性定语从句which made most of the villagers jealous修饰的是前面整个句子。8 Q: ?+ E0 l% P4 [7 \4 f
译文: 他过去是村里唯一会开拖拉机的人,这令大多数村民羡慕不已。+ D' R3 d# ]+ `2 T" g
例句: The workers are busy building a listening room, which will have been finished by the end of this semester.# s& ]6 u! E1 H! r8 @+ U0 a4 X! a
分析: 该句是复合句。非限制性定语从句which will have been finished by the end of this semester修饰a listening room。
9 B. q0 ^8 i, ~* s1 m3 s 译文: 工人们正在修建的语音室将在本学期末竣工。 |