关系代词:
* N" y- z0 D" f2 M J' w0 W who,which,that作从句的主语
K9 w8 W+ c' p( N whom,which,that作从句的宾语(可省略)
7 Q ?& k' I, ]$ |4 R# I& A, n# j; N whose从句中作定语% x' \5 i+ s4 W
以下情况只能用that,不能用which:# v" {$ v; [8 Q4 ^% X, w( l, K% ^; N0 k
i. 先行词为不定代词all, little, none,any,every,no,much, anything, nothing' V* r, A% r1 C4 j/ |, l
ii. 先行词有最高级和序数词修饰时(包括: the only, the very, the same, the last, the next等)
- g5 n, E. S9 [9 h( n' i& ?+ x iii. 先行词既有人又有物的时候. k+ k" D! D" Y: t: P, D* z, U
以下情况只能用which,不能用that;, j) s2 S! [+ B
① 引导非限制性定语从句(包括代表整个主句的意思时)
5 U* e7 L+ |2 j4 e ② 介词+关系代词的结构中. f4 M+ n' g, b m$ S, n
关系副词:
* m" I2 i% w) x. z% r when指时间,在定语从句中作时间状语
) {& l1 c; T6 Y) G! j where指地点,在定语从句中作地点状语5 ~; G7 R* Z$ ?; W* E8 D1 z3 L
why指原因,在定语从句中作原因状语,只修饰reason。
0 ?) \$ u8 ^/ W9 {2 |; Q* ?, H 如果用定语从句把两个句子合二为一:首先找出两个句子当中相同的部分,定语从句修饰的就是这一部分。要把其中一个句子变成定语从句,就要把这句中相同的那个部分用一个关系词来代替;代替时,先看被代替的部分是指人还是指物、再看它作什么句成分。指人并作主语的,就用who。或that;指人并作宾语的,就用whom或that;指人并作定语的,就用whose。指物并作主语的,就用which或that认指物并作宾语的,还是用which或that认是物并作定语的,就用whose或of which。这样找好并替换以后,再把这个关系代词放到要变成定语从句的那个句子的最前面(被代替的部分不能再保留,其它的词语一律不变),这个句子就变成了定语从句。然后,再把这个定语从句整个放在被修饰的词后面,最后,如果还有其它句子成分,就把它们放到定语从句的后面,就行了。
: ]; _' @) g3 A* P H5 p 例如:9 U5 L$ O8 ~& K4 Q% p& P+ ?& W
Have you found the book? You were looking for the book yesterday.$ F! g% W+ V$ s7 m
在这两个句子中,the book是相同的,定语从句修饰的就是the book。把后面这一句变成定语从句,找个关系词来代替the book;在将要被变成定语从句的名子中,the book是物并作宾语,所以用which或that代替它。
$ I q" C/ r, @ @ T 然后把which或that放到本句的最前面,其它的词和语序一律不变。这时,就成了"that/which you were looking for yesterday?”,再把这个定语从句整个放在被修饰的词后面,就成了“have you found the book that/which you were looking for yesterday?”定语从句就完成了,主句是问句,所以句末用问号。that/which代替的是原句中的宾语,原句变成了从句,它们仍然作从句的宾语。关系代词在从句中作宾语时可以省略,因此上句又可变成“have you found the book you were looking for yesterday?”.
4 Q# ?& N6 m$ g2 { 请同学们照上面的例子,把下面变定语从句的步骤说出来(括号里的可以省略):
0 ?* D3 \5 N* r$ i c7 |7 r$ s ( 1 ) "The dog belongs to the Browns. It ate my fish yesterday."
5 ~* Z* B8 a( A. R ……The dog which/that ate my fish yesterday belongs to the Browns。
7 Q m( x4 M/ q% ?- @; m1 c (2) "The lady has gone to the police station. Her car has been stolen."
l Z3 u x, M9 J# r9 n ……The lady whose car has been stolen has gone to the police station.
' O. x% N) p/ z' U0 G2 K7 h4 x (3) "I' ve seen the film. His girl friend played the leading role In it.''
3 M# o2 |) K. B$ J [8 A ……I' ve seen the film {which / that) his girl friend played the leading role in
4 b0 D: l/ ^, A8 _ ……I’ve seen the film in which his girl friend played the leading role.: S5 _, f2 U. I Y' ?& @; a5 i# x
……His girl friend played the leading role in the film {which/that) I’ve seen.
3 V, N8 F; f( \# C/ T0 w% l 关系副词与此同理。只是关系副词代替的是原句中的状语。在被代替& ^# J) T) a, D# f8 J z; q
之前,这个状语中一定要含有一个与另一句相同的成分。 |