大学英语四级考试：语法笔记讲义76

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　　关系代词：
7 G8 z. T4 o  Y. g　　who，which，that作从句的主语
　　whom，which，that作从句的宾语(可省略)
* e; P% M3 \& a　　whose从句中作定语
% u2 j; k# i/ h0 @, O& e　　以下情况只能用that，不能用which:
　　i. 先行词为不定代词all, little, none，any，every，no，much, anything, nothing
6 o, o: [6 v( O0 S' ~　　ii. 先行词有最高级和序数词修饰时(包括: the only, the very, the same, the last, the next等)
. g# f* j6 `, T6 Y* {9 W　　iii. 先行词既有人又有物的时候
  i9 Z& i7 E$ v4 Y4 _' u　　以下情况只能用which，不能用that;
. k) L! F& ^- W, O# ~3 i　　① 引导非限制性定语从句(包括代表整个主句的意思时)
% I* ~& ?6 [7 X% ]& Q/ W4 w　　② 介词+关系代词的结构中
( x( H7 }5 F0 m. I+ V! Y　　关系副词：
　　when指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语
8 A, d6 D4 B1 H　　where指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语
　　why指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语，只修饰reason。
　　如果用定语从句把两个句子合二为一:首先找出两个句子当中相同的部分，定语从句修饰的就是这一部分。要把其中一个句子变成定语从句，就要把这句中相同的那个部分用一个关系词来代替;代替时，先看被代替的部分是指人还是指物、再看它作什么句成分。指人并作主语的，就用who。或that;指人并作宾语的，就用whom或that;指人并作定语的，就用whose。指物并作主语的，就用which或that认指物并作宾语的，还是用which或that认是物并作定语的，就用whose或of which。这样找好并替换以后，再把这个关系代词放到要变成定语从句的那个句子的最前面(被代替的部分不能再保留，其它的词语一律不变)，这个句子就变成了定语从句。然后，再把这个定语从句整个放在被修饰的词后面，最后，如果还有其它句子成分，就把它们放到定语从句的后面，就行了。
　　例如：
! `8 C( v- p. \" [8 ~7 v, e　　Have you found the book? You were looking for the book yesterday.
　　在这两个句子中，the book是相同的，定语从句修饰的就是the book。把后面这一句变成定语从句，找个关系词来代替the book;在将要被变成定语从句的名子中，the book是物并作宾语，所以用which或that代替它。
　　然后把which或that放到本句的最前面，其它的词和语序一律不变。这时，就成了"that/which you were looking for yesterday?”，再把这个定语从句整个放在被修饰的词后面，就成了“have you found the book that/which you were looking for yesterday?”定语从句就完成了，主句是问句，所以句末用问号。that/which代替的是原句中的宾语，原句变成了从句，它们仍然作从句的宾语。关系代词在从句中作宾语时可以省略，因此上句又可变成“have you found the book you were looking for yesterday?”.
　　请同学们照上面的例子，把下面变定语从句的步骤说出来(括号里的可以省略):
' Z, b$ b6 K- |$ G' C2 q　　( 1 ) "The dog belongs to the Browns. It ate my fish yesterday."
$ }8 Z; r, ?* J& v. {6 H6 E　　……The dog which/that ate my fish yesterday belongs to the Browns。
　　(2) "The lady has gone to the police station. Her car has been stolen."
8 j% W! r5 ^$ ^7 A  ]. O$ C* s　　……The lady whose car has been stolen has gone to the police station.
　　(3) "I' ve seen the film. His girl friend played the leading role In it.''
, P1 b. H, _! Z$ X& J　　……I' ve seen the film {which / that) his girl friend played the leading role in
2 z# l1 F: f9 d  F+ D5 E　　……I’ve seen the film in which his girl friend played the leading role.
　　……His girl friend played the leading role in the film {which/that) I’ve seen.
　　关系副词与此同理。只是关系副词代替的是原句中的状语。在被代替
　　之前，这个状语中一定要含有一个与另一句相同的成分。