我们要了解并且要掌握的方法:
5 Q; ]" ^' ~, i$ Y3 M 1. 定义法(definition) 3 e2 v/ L/ k7 X7 H7 t9 L9 {- b
定义法是用下定义的方式去揭示事物本质特征或概念内涵。它能使读者迅速抓住本质属性和基本特点。此法的句型:
8 w+ N0 l3 d+ }8 k0 h0 n ① … is a/the … of … which/that …② … relate to/involve/refer to …
2 d0 b1 H# X R/ n1 v0 ~ 【例】 & J/ F* {: T) J- Z% H9 d
(1)Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols which is used for human communication. 语言是人类用来交际的任意性的语音符号体系。
4 u& w4 c) v; Y5 ^ (2)Intermediate goals relate to outcomes during the next few years. 2 g/ [; p* f& f: ~; Z& G
(3)Short-term goals involve outcomes expected during the next 12 months.
" Z7 K1 ]1 F2 C% V9 V 2. 举例法(illustration)
7 E& d$ Q$ V$ d/ i 举例法就是举出实际事例来说明事物的方法,是最常见,往往也是最有效的阐释模式。 & H+ {3 A j2 O1 U+ h. Z
专家提醒 + X4 u) o5 m; b# N" f1 `
举例时应挑选具体、典型且有能力表达清楚的例子,并注意按照一定的顺序编排。 # {, j! a$ [; j2 O
请看上述范文第二段:“For instance”引出“lifetime goals”的实例,如,赢得研究奖金、出版有影响书或文章、获得大学的系主任职位、获得国家自然科学基金及大公司稳定的顾问职位。
; U5 }2 z+ Y' E/ [- \2 P; [+ d% \+ Z, G 3. 分类法(classification) 0 Z: `$ A0 b# `$ C
分类法就是把说明的对象,按一定的标准划分成不同类别分别加以说明的方法。如:上述范文介绍人生的三种目标,并按照时间的长短对终生目标、长期目标和短期目标做了分类说明。 4 t, E2 r _' p+ |
4. 比较法(comparison)
7 b+ ]" S' i4 \+ K A% Q 比较法是用一个事物和与其有联系的其他事物加以对比的说明方法。目的是为了帮助读者准确地区分事物,通过对比达到对该事物的深刻认识。
9 Y0 U& C. t6 c' }9 W3 q$ W4 `# v 如:上述范文对三种人生目标在时间上和实际操作上进行了比较,并阐明了彼此的联系。 3 C- p! X2 S: p* e
(1)Lifetime goals should be written out. 1 M- I& Z" N! W- Z# d
(2)Like lifetime goals, these are measurable and clearly stated. * m, c" s+ w7 V3 [
(3)These goals are more performance oriented, and they help with achievement of intermediate goals. 9 Y) `. f, W6 M- S2 e; Z- }) {1 I
5. 数字法(statistics) 3 A% L& E3 T" V6 N" w
数字法是运用数据来表明事物的本质和特点,准确合理的数据使文章精确可信。
/ b) ]4 `2 i( |: e; \ ]( b 【例】 $ L3 b0 |* O! t3 N
(1)Nearly half of all Americans over age 20 wear a bridge or denture,and more than 20 percent have complete upper and lower denture. By age 50, one out of every two persons has gum disease. 2 A* j6 Q: y0 V; v* [, C
(2)And it seems sensible to wait. One quarter of all marriages between people under twenty-one end in divorce. In Britain in 1972, there were 124,248 divorces. " _' l" d$ F' [/ S! ~6 m
说明文的说明方法除上面介绍的常见的几种以外,还有诸如分项法、列举法、比喻法及引用法等,只有综合运用多种说明方法,才能多角度、多层次地全面、清晰、准确地展示客观事物的本来面貌。 |