我们要了解并且要掌握的方法: 1 w# w+ k# x4 [" {5 x8 r" x( K! v" A
1. 定义法(definition) $ s: B m) ^$ G1 z' S0 V0 C8 C
定义法是用下定义的方式去揭示事物本质特征或概念内涵。它能使读者迅速抓住本质属性和基本特点。此法的句型: + _5 B/ m7 G8 v) R+ x$ w" u/ l
① … is a/the … of … which/that …② … relate to/involve/refer to …
3 ?: x, `" W6 K5 j$ f8 N) f) X* Y& K 【例】 2 W' V) C" h/ I1 S
(1)Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols which is used for human communication. 语言是人类用来交际的任意性的语音符号体系。
3 Z+ M5 r: G- {; E/ ~4 d8 e (2)Intermediate goals relate to outcomes during the next few years. 1 z* Y, W! h( k
(3)Short-term goals involve outcomes expected during the next 12 months.
8 Q" [: l3 T% v7 ]- b: l7 e 2. 举例法(illustration) 0 V' y& c) h$ L6 g/ T, }( z
举例法就是举出实际事例来说明事物的方法,是最常见,往往也是最有效的阐释模式。 & B1 c+ P1 g# f6 J! E, A! r. P' u
专家提醒 - ~: m5 ]4 t- b3 T3 w
举例时应挑选具体、典型且有能力表达清楚的例子,并注意按照一定的顺序编排。
! T2 N3 J, M- ^0 v 请看上述范文第二段:“For instance”引出“lifetime goals”的实例,如,赢得研究奖金、出版有影响书或文章、获得大学的系主任职位、获得国家自然科学基金及大公司稳定的顾问职位。
6 R1 W+ ~' N5 R2 F" N' a6 c 3. 分类法(classification) % Z9 L" F- Q4 |
分类法就是把说明的对象,按一定的标准划分成不同类别分别加以说明的方法。如:上述范文介绍人生的三种目标,并按照时间的长短对终生目标、长期目标和短期目标做了分类说明。
: |% \5 I# W9 ?( d% e; x V 4. 比较法(comparison) 2 s m/ @' U7 `2 x8 B2 z# P" B
比较法是用一个事物和与其有联系的其他事物加以对比的说明方法。目的是为了帮助读者准确地区分事物,通过对比达到对该事物的深刻认识。 6 Z$ R- {. k6 z. N3 s7 X; n
如:上述范文对三种人生目标在时间上和实际操作上进行了比较,并阐明了彼此的联系。
; I+ c* Q! i0 }1 R (1)Lifetime goals should be written out.
1 z ~( M: k4 S# U (2)Like lifetime goals, these are measurable and clearly stated.
- N$ l$ H% W% _1 Q. Q (3)These goals are more performance oriented, and they help with achievement of intermediate goals. # H; w6 R; g2 M+ j
5. 数字法(statistics) % F% u, [1 W! H4 \
数字法是运用数据来表明事物的本质和特点,准确合理的数据使文章精确可信。
3 ~: P d# H$ Y2 N' }9 { 【例】 5 I8 B/ q( ~# z
(1)Nearly half of all Americans over age 20 wear a bridge or denture,and more than 20 percent have complete upper and lower denture. By age 50, one out of every two persons has gum disease.
( `) @. T3 z- f# I/ g( ~1 K+ S (2)And it seems sensible to wait. One quarter of all marriages between people under twenty-one end in divorce. In Britain in 1972, there were 124,248 divorces.
% D8 B' u8 t# }( t# i 说明文的说明方法除上面介绍的常见的几种以外,还有诸如分项法、列举法、比喻法及引用法等,只有综合运用多种说明方法,才能多角度、多层次地全面、清晰、准确地展示客观事物的本来面貌。 |