从句* ?9 Q% }% y0 f
I定语从句; s$ u& I* E- {4 A) m* z
1.先行词为all, anything, something, nothing, everything, much, little, none等不定代词时,关系代词一般只用that,不用which。在大多数情况下that可以省略.
& ^2 R( t! a$ k% [+ x Please tell me everything (that) you know about the matter.
?5 ]% G' p5 w# f/ z( I$ P That’s all (that) we can do at the moment.
# @- A0 i3 H' m/ V 2.as引出的限制性定语从句
( x9 I6 `5 p( q6 m- F$ v$ @ 在such … as的结构中as可作关系代词,引出限制性定语从句。有时和same连用,在从句中可作主语、宾语或表语等。' D+ ^0 _+ g/ L
Such people as were recommended by him were reliable.9 t; W1 B" W0 P0 x. |
I’ve never seen such a talented young man as he is.; b6 J+ [! |- v( ^
I have the same trouble as you (have).
V3 s3 F! t, H2 [3 p 3.as引出的非限制性定语从句7 R/ |" ]. X) K0 ?+ A \0 }6 x
as可作关系代词引出非限制性定语从句,代替整个主句,通常译为“(正)如…一样”,“(正)象…一样”等。as引导的从句一般用逗号与主句隔开,可以位于主句的前面、中间或后面.
' ~3 a1 d" M5 M A: V9 O I live a long way from work, as you know.
5 r) r& @6 b7 } She did not, as her friend had feared, break down.& i0 K, e& T7 C3 G; x& d
As is generally accepted, economic growth is determined by the smooth development of production.- X* Y0 |* g* k R1 u" x2 }$ K
4.分隔式定语从句
% x1 e5 |2 [4 M. V+ b) K- e& M 定语从句一般紧跟在先行词之后,但有时会被其他句子成分与先行词隔开,从而构成分隔式定语从句。& @7 ^ J$ d6 T" v( c! W4 R
The days are gone when power politics worked.
) \4 K, _' U8 k A new teacher will come tomorrow who will teach you French.
6 ~; V: e5 h! Q: [7 ~+ ` 5.介词+关系代词(which/whom等)引出的定语从句
+ }5 w$ b9 v7 o7 Q6 W1 p- ~/ e; G 如果关系代词(which/whom等)在定语从句中作介词的宾语,那么这个介词可以提到从句前,构成“介词+关系代词(which/whom等)+定语从句”。在这种结构中关系代词不可以用that。
2 D% d1 W; I6 @, V$ c( U( @( L This is a subject about which we might argue for a long while.
/ X1 i/ F0 r: u2 r The four travelers with whom I shared the room were pleasant people.* t: v0 Q `3 |$ ^+ `
6.关系代词在限制性定语从句中常可以省略,一般有以下几种情况:- n( ]+ v3 ^2 L
1) 关系代词在从句中作直接宾语时,在大多数情况下可以省略。, r. s9 A# a' b* Q0 Z* x
This is something (that) you must always keep in mind.5 P/ m" o; u) Q
The man (whom) you just met is our manager.
* ^2 ^9 s( \5 ~" c# S 关系代词作介词宾语时,介词位于句尾时关系代词可以省略;介词位于关系代词之前时则关系代词不能省略。& w: X& P- }8 w! r/ R
This is the room (which) Churchill was born in.: ` H+ L% z" `( y
This is the room in which Churchill was born.(which不可省略) _: G2 F# I2 p0 G `; [" u
2) 关系代词作主语时一般不能省略,但如果关系代词在由there … be存在句构成的定语从句中作主语时常可省略。& Z3 p& p( C/ c: k! b+ m# f
This is the only book (that) there is on this subject.$ \( B6 u9 M3 h; `' l
The old professor made full use of the time (that) there was left to him to continue his research.4 F4 y8 ^/ [6 u1 o: S$ @6 l
3) 在way后面的定语从句中in which或that通常省略。
9 v& B9 l7 e+ ? u0 s That’s the way (that/in which) I look at it.7 V Q& U+ D2 v: V x* r F
I don’t like the way (that/in which) you laugh at her.
- h: S, p) \8 v0 q( d# `3 j 7.非限制性定语从句 T) Q" B) ^& v% X2 P
非限制性定语从句修饰先行词或整个主句,起补充说明的作用,如果省略掉,原句句意仍保持完整。非限制性定语从句要用逗号与主句隔开,其引导词不能用that。非限制性定语从句属于正式语体。经常考到的非限制性定语从句有以下三种。
/ g: p' o( @& {) a8 H. d 1)由which、as引导的非限制性定语从句。which、as代表整个主句。5 [% `, l) q! _* ^' W3 P6 K
He said that he had never seen her before, which was not true.
( ?8 q# }2 G* m3 R4 u8 r China is still a developing country, which is known to all of us.
" m( a1 E$ ?- i9 @# Q$ P 2)由 “介词+关系代词”引导的非限制性定语从句。
B- h% y8 Y6 \! o& k He sent her a letter, in which he said that he was sorry for what he had done to her.
. W) o, a% B6 ]0 q# D) K He failed to pass the exam, because of which his parents scolded him.
- X9 e1 n" N3 e: _ 4) 由 “数词、代词或名词+of +关系代词”引导的非限制性定语从句。+ Z% `& G- u+ {; |1 Y6 z0 h2 `
He had three sons, one of whom was my son’s classmate.) S- p7 B8 _8 i& J4 N
There are about twenty students in this course, most of whom are freshmen.0 M' D# u2 c( x4 Q" a+ X+ _9 U
They are two different words, the spellings of which are easily confused.: }5 ?. P7 Y& L. L- K+ A2 {6 g' F# d
Ⅱ 状语从句1 X+ s) J& e& a
1.状语从句中以下四种从句考得较多,这里给予简单介绍。7 N0 n+ Q0 l7 v1 K+ q; e! j
1) 时间状语从句
0 e( X! ]; p# ]0 e' h 时间状语从句主要由以下连词引导:when, whenever, as, while, since, until, till, before, after, as soon as, once, hardly (scarcely) … when, no sooner … than。6 k; Z( r! _8 U/ J% Z
I will discuss the matter with you when we meet tomorrow.
7 C4 |& f$ a+ o! |3 P. @3 d He didn’t go to sleep until he finished doing his homework.
$ M3 p8 y9 U: c( }1 d/ i You have changed a lot since we met last time.
' [( i5 s# b8 [ 时间状语从句还可由某些可充当连词的名词(the moment, the instant, every time,等)和副词(instantly, directly等)引导:
+ H" c9 @8 s: M: Z/ k5 P! O0 D I will tell you the news the instant I know.: d7 _9 I+ X! E" O0 w* W) c0 p- m$ j: j4 w
Directly the teacher came in everyone was quiet. |