从句
: q6 o! e! z, Y8 m8 Y I定语从句
: A1 k: Z& |- B( I" B0 l, ?# q 1.先行词为all, anything, something, nothing, everything, much, little, none等不定代词时,关系代词一般只用that,不用which。在大多数情况下that可以省略.
' p5 L( W X# q3 Q Please tell me everything (that) you know about the matter.
/ F' u& K: y- w* f, @/ j. T) c That’s all (that) we can do at the moment.2 n, X$ L; Z M1 q" N; q
2.as引出的限制性定语从句2 q. D7 r# c+ J3 t+ D
在such … as的结构中as可作关系代词,引出限制性定语从句。有时和same连用,在从句中可作主语、宾语或表语等。7 A0 K C I! v) [5 P' M
Such people as were recommended by him were reliable.
0 D% E6 ?- @+ T! z7 j/ Z I’ve never seen such a talented young man as he is.
- U# p5 \. O/ m& }& x I have the same trouble as you (have).
7 R! ^: c9 E {5 h- ~ 3.as引出的非限制性定语从句8 D# R }- m6 l
as可作关系代词引出非限制性定语从句,代替整个主句,通常译为“(正)如…一样”,“(正)象…一样”等。as引导的从句一般用逗号与主句隔开,可以位于主句的前面、中间或后面.
2 S7 u" h! y7 d! E I live a long way from work, as you know.
6 `0 u m( @, Q& B She did not, as her friend had feared, break down. r6 z; e& _3 h) n" x
As is generally accepted, economic growth is determined by the smooth development of production.
! G0 z" |5 e! Q" H+ B 4.分隔式定语从句
! e4 ?7 z' t. [" z8 r 定语从句一般紧跟在先行词之后,但有时会被其他句子成分与先行词隔开,从而构成分隔式定语从句。
5 k! B1 Y: L Q% h3 d& c( r; ~ The days are gone when power politics worked.
: |4 y" M- F# i! J3 f3 w# U! W A new teacher will come tomorrow who will teach you French.
5 O; R1 X3 e/ P2 [6 v+ A( N+ D 5.介词+关系代词(which/whom等)引出的定语从句3 t' z, M- x: P9 X
如果关系代词(which/whom等)在定语从句中作介词的宾语,那么这个介词可以提到从句前,构成“介词+关系代词(which/whom等)+定语从句”。在这种结构中关系代词不可以用that。3 |; K! n, l ]% h+ y- {* q
This is a subject about which we might argue for a long while.
7 i+ |8 b3 G" Q' X The four travelers with whom I shared the room were pleasant people.
$ i, q1 X% w% _* Y; b 6.关系代词在限制性定语从句中常可以省略,一般有以下几种情况:- ]: b- m4 z L! s% m- ~8 e
1) 关系代词在从句中作直接宾语时,在大多数情况下可以省略。
) T, s6 q6 u* W This is something (that) you must always keep in mind.
R: [. k. H0 l/ J The man (whom) you just met is our manager.
* a* Z, B2 G" s* O7 q: K2 S 关系代词作介词宾语时,介词位于句尾时关系代词可以省略;介词位于关系代词之前时则关系代词不能省略。
, C% c, V1 X6 j This is the room (which) Churchill was born in.
7 Q2 v% H5 c9 H$ T" e This is the room in which Churchill was born.(which不可省略)! r% u, o6 L1 w/ |% a# c# D* c+ D
2) 关系代词作主语时一般不能省略,但如果关系代词在由there … be存在句构成的定语从句中作主语时常可省略。( T. P" w$ S2 ~' M2 C- C! t
This is the only book (that) there is on this subject./ u8 H, I- Y5 a. V
The old professor made full use of the time (that) there was left to him to continue his research.
8 t* J+ O1 j ]" k$ O" ?. L( Z2 O 3) 在way后面的定语从句中in which或that通常省略。
! b/ w0 \1 P9 J3 k+ f That’s the way (that/in which) I look at it.1 E) L- e. X. a j" t6 y- u# I, e
I don’t like the way (that/in which) you laugh at her.- L% f4 J }* V) ~
7.非限制性定语从句: _$ G) J8 q+ ]. p: ?
非限制性定语从句修饰先行词或整个主句,起补充说明的作用,如果省略掉,原句句意仍保持完整。非限制性定语从句要用逗号与主句隔开,其引导词不能用that。非限制性定语从句属于正式语体。经常考到的非限制性定语从句有以下三种。. w; P% \, p- W/ ^2 o
1)由which、as引导的非限制性定语从句。which、as代表整个主句。! _( Q9 l( @! w# t) L2 c
He said that he had never seen her before, which was not true.7 |$ K6 O& O) J; ]% ]+ k* C- m
China is still a developing country, which is known to all of us.
9 i/ C+ q1 W1 y( R3 B. ` 2)由 “介词+关系代词”引导的非限制性定语从句。
4 Q. I0 ?- O. N He sent her a letter, in which he said that he was sorry for what he had done to her.* d# B/ H( B( }: [9 J
He failed to pass the exam, because of which his parents scolded him.; S' i9 t4 I5 L/ Q1 S% d) w
4) 由 “数词、代词或名词+of +关系代词”引导的非限制性定语从句。4 w& E4 i. b+ W0 o
He had three sons, one of whom was my son’s classmate.: J& K5 l. Q4 }0 v
There are about twenty students in this course, most of whom are freshmen.
0 F0 M* G2 @9 u They are two different words, the spellings of which are easily confused.
% H4 B3 d% v, h6 b1 n Ⅱ 状语从句
( z! K% c2 `6 M( @ 1.状语从句中以下四种从句考得较多,这里给予简单介绍。
- v# n7 H) h9 G( A/ V# U 1) 时间状语从句0 s3 r( q; [, }) j3 y
时间状语从句主要由以下连词引导:when, whenever, as, while, since, until, till, before, after, as soon as, once, hardly (scarcely) … when, no sooner … than。
) Y1 O/ h& ^* K2 K3 ^ I will discuss the matter with you when we meet tomorrow.
8 k, b9 C3 t, L0 F" K He didn’t go to sleep until he finished doing his homework.
- [! v+ m( t" E3 o' k You have changed a lot since we met last time.
% W! L# N' n% P8 p) j) F5 d 时间状语从句还可由某些可充当连词的名词(the moment, the instant, every time,等)和副词(instantly, directly等)引导:
! R% O0 l; n7 q9 Q4 X( d8 |1 U I will tell you the news the instant I know.
: k' @; X* C: d I% q& B Directly the teacher came in everyone was quiet. |