(2)动词不定式和分词作状语的区别
7 M4 b: G1 c! c3 b9 ^/ ~1)分词作状语一般表示伴随,而不定式常常表示目的。8 G7 h: |: r" d, _
They stood by the roadside talking about the plan.他们站在路边谈论着这个计划。(伴随)
( c0 Q4 i/ [* t+ ?9 uThey stood by the roadside to talk about the plan.他们站在路边为的是谈论这个计划。(目的)1 h) {: I+ k+ r: A# q5 \% z- O
2)分词作状语放在句子开头,除表示原因之外有时表示时间或条件。动词不定式作状语时,除了表示目的以外,还表示结果或原因。, }- O( L) T- E/ A# Z
Reading attentively,he forgot the time for lunch.由于在专心读书,他忘了吃午饭的时间。(原因)
+ N3 N d8 H/ g4 vReading carefully,he found something he had not known before.他仔细读书时,发现了一些从前不知道的东西。(时间)
% q! U$ W4 r- @2 o8 HReading carefully,you'll learn something new.只要你仔细阅读,你会学到一些新的东西。(条件)
# x( Y _8 H- g W3 e" a1 KHis family was too poor to support him.他的家庭太穷,不能维持他的生活。(结果)/ M# L t- v9 q4 i! C% |
The boy is not tall enough to reach the book shelf.这男孩个子不够高,手伸不到书架。(结果)/ A! C, Q* L+ A1 m- I# b
We are glad to hear the news.我们很高兴听到这消息。(原因) u( [4 |. C2 q3 E% ]) g3 t
(3)下面一些句型是不定式做状语时候应该注意的:+ q7 w, T/ J0 n0 K0 n
a:not/never too…to, too…not to , but/only too… to, too ready/eager/apt/inclined to 表示肯定意义
" e% l$ j* M. P' }& q! e; ib:做结果状语的不定式只能出现在句子的末尾,常见的不定式动词有:find, hear, see, be told, form, give, make, produce 等。 m/ {3 B- I# C
c:不定式做状语时,其逻辑主语一般为句子的主语,否则用for引导主语。# s8 M2 E1 j; [$ r! h9 [# }# G( g
& t, v, B4 G m# s7 j6.非谓语动词常考的其它结构
( z; }: ^* J$ p# ^3 R8 f, @4 V& \. L(1)疑问词+不定式结构5 V. a. o' e: E9 ?# g
疑问词who,what,which,when,where和how后加不定式可构成一种特殊的不定式短语。它在句中可以用作主语、宾语、表语和双重宾语。如:
; @. C) _- n5 ^; b! E! m- a* DWhen to start has not been decided.何时动身尚未决定。(主语)
8 a/ Y2 N, Y3 }- D6 @8 h/ @I don't know what to do.我不知道该怎么办。(宾语)
4 g" c/ F* S' o1 B9 yThe difficulty was how to cross the river.困难在于如何过河。(表语)5 G3 @# x& ]6 N
I can tell you where to get this book.我可以告诉你哪里可以买到此书。(双重宾语)
0 D G2 [, {5 l2 _$ I* Q$ q. o注)A.有时疑问词前可用介词,如:7 _, v7 t) O2 _+ Q7 ^. {
I have no idea of how to do it.我不知道如何做此事。( `: e. ?' m2 u& v
B.动词know 后面不能直接跟不定式作宾语,只能跟疑问词(如:how, what)+不定式:
% y' r* u; `0 I0 h" q# I/ n/ qWhile still a young boy, Tom knew to play the piano well and as he grew older, he wrote operas, the most famous of which is Carmen.6 J- Q3 {4 ^+ T+ \, F& v
(2)介词except和but作“只有…,只能…”讲时跟不定式结构(but与不带to的不定式连用)。
& Q' v. { v6 p( YWhen the streets are full of melting snow, you cannot help but getting your shoes wet.
8 e" T) [. H3 Z(3)不带to的不定式7 v2 Z6 V! E$ a5 t. ~
1)在表示生理感觉的动词后的不定式不带to。这类词有:. d/ ~! {7 h* Z* Z( a: g1 M* `
feel 觉得 observe 注意到,看到 overhear听到9 D2 ]: C' Z& S+ v" ~- `
watch注视 listen to听 perceive察觉,感知
- X5 u( J1 B9 q- J) `* |1 ?" anotice注意 see看见 look at看 hear听( f' F. [' S/ B# P6 T9 _' [8 w8 j
On seeing the young child fell into the lake,Eric sprang to his feet,and went on the rescue.
4 c: M! t) t: {( ?* y- Q, V/ T6 A2)另一类是某些使役动词,如make, let,have等。如:4 m* n: F, j7 f1 p9 m4 S0 t
Let him do it.让他做吧。
6 E* o b+ D' W% II would have you know that I am ill.我想要你知道我病了。
8 C+ O7 a+ [5 T(注):; `4 {# \; N5 {& `2 V4 t$ m# ] ^
①上述感觉动词与使役动词转换为被动结构时.其后的不定式一般需带to,如:4 C- O, }" y. @
He was seen to come.6 ?( A) x' O: Y8 |6 |
The boy was made to go to bed early.
: g3 z; J* I, E4 E f: t②在动词find与help之后,不定式可带to亦可不带to,如:
4 ~2 q) v* s1 J5 BHe was surprised to find the sheep (to) break fence at this season.他发现羊在此季节越出栅栏,感到惊讶。& ^) D& `, c7 Q+ p, Z
3)在do nothing/anything/everything but(except)结构中。例如:
7 K0 O& z! s- F; BLast night I did nothing but watch TV.昨天晚上,我除了看电视别的什么也没有干。
+ e: T+ F2 c% E) m但是,如果谓语动词不是“do nothing,anything,everything”,那么but(except)所跟的不定式则仍须带。
0 F4 a: I; Z( \The doctor told him nothing but to stop smoking.医生除了让他戒烟,其它什么都没有说。+ H* ~5 [. d$ r o1 v& K2 e
There was nothing for them to do but to remain silent.除了保持沉默以外,他们没有别有别的办法。) m# t8 \) \/ U7 ?! Q; i( q }
(4)不定式与动名词的逻辑主语和分词独立结构
O* d. h4 K. x& U2 J2 T) O% s* L1)不定式的逻辑主语为:for +名词(或代词宾格)+ 不定式。例如:
M# s# G; f& @! Z4 B; S9 BI found it impossible for him to do the job alone.我发现他—个人干这活是不可能的。
( r9 s( P9 d2 c; Q8 k# t4 k(注)在表示人物性格、特性等的形容词后面,常用of引出不定式的逻辑主语。例如:
1 c7 @* ?7 u3 c1 [9 `It was wise of him to do that.他那样做是明智的。
) T0 L2 ^" k+ _2)动名词的逻辑主语为;①人称代词的所有格+动名词;②名词's+动名词。例如:) W" t4 K8 T0 \- r4 v
Tom insisted on my going with them.他坚持要我和他们一起去。
. E+ }8 B% Z0 z- `He dislikes his wife's working late.他不喜欢他妻子工作得很晚。4 N* u! F# j# q* P% t4 X& `
3)某些形容词,如:careless等不定式后可以加of来引导出其逻辑主语。这类词主要有:absurd, bold, brave, courageous, careful, careless, clever, wise, foolish, silly, stupid, good, nice, kind thoughtful, considerate, greedy, generous, honest, modest, polite, rude, cruel ,selfish, wicked, wrong等. ^( P' q. c C+ `6 g0 f% R) [
It is very kind of you to help me.你帮助我太好了。 |