内容概要:6 ^& L" B2 F- R: a' j* ?
今天我们要来复习的是:have to, have got to, must not, need在现代英语中,have to 中不定式和疑问句式既可以按照助动词的变化规则构成,也可以按照行为动词的变化规则构成。
1 o9 ~1 g: \- t3 x: C) ` Have you to finish the work before supper?
7 {2 |1 x/ \! {8 Y: K7 Z8 I Do you have to finish the work before supper?
5 \' s; `" N+ m P$ C9 ` have got to 常可同have to换用,但有时表示不同的含义。比较:
r/ u+ Y6 v# R5 x He has to report to the headquarters every two days.(例行公事,习惯动作) ~7 W: N3 H/ B( x& e4 r) [
He has got to report to the headquarters every two days.(一道指示或命令,必得每天报告一次)% `/ y y" b) T; ^) p0 _) E
另外,作“有”解时,have got和have通常是可以换用的,have got更口语化,但有时表示不同的含义。比较:/ v7 b! ], s j$ G3 s3 F# M: q
The man has a blind eye.那人有一只眼瞎了。& n/ `2 J, p6 z1 C4 o( x
The man has got a blue eye.那人有一只眼被打青了。3 w: o6 b3 G" j. m4 n+ n& e3 E# g) e+ B9 I
must not表示禁止,是说话人强有力的劝告或命令,意为“一定要,不准”。因此,在回答由must引导的问题时,如果是否定的回答,表示“不必,没有必要”,不能用mustn’t,而要用needn’t或don’t have to.试比较:
3 \" X1 G+ v, T; ]$ P1 H You must not drive fast.你不能开快车。(路险或有速度限制)
1 C* k" `7 I6 T You needn’t drive fast.(时间充裕)8 r( X7 @2 I& n
You must not tell others.(警告)* S& @* k9 m4 j2 D3 u
You needn’t tell others.(没有必要)
f8 V/ Z# L3 R6 V# ^ needs为副词,相当于necessarily, of necessity. must needs和needs must均可表示“必须,必定,不得不”,这层意义上可以通用;但must needs还可表示“偏偏,偏要”,含有讥讽、不满的意思,而needs must则一般无这层意思。例如:
& {1 s$ K( e' [, K8 \ I must needs go there now.2 @5 P2 h3 a# H$ ]# Q5 H2 `
我现在非到那里去不可。(可用needs must)' T( E; s/ Z: {2 s( ~6 n1 T
Needs must when the devil drives./ G+ m$ g6 i. c
情势所迫不得不那样。
3 y; T4 O0 M! E/ w( c/ ?' P/ k She must needs go away when I want her.
5 A( O, e$ ^8 s/ L% X 我正需要她时,她偏偏离开了。(不可用needs must) 更多信息
# E# R7 y7 {# n# \8 X" G6 _: [$ H The telephone must needs ring when I went to bed.. @! @; s2 a. i7 z8 u, G! Q8 k ^
我上床睡觉时偏偏有人来电话。(不可用needs must). I1 O; h" z' [4 j+ \9 e& ?
need指主语的主观特需情况而使之必要。need既可以作助动词,又可以作行为动词。作助动词时,need没有人称和数的变化,后接不带to的不定式(动词原形),否定式为needn’t.作行动动词时,need同别的行为动词一样,有人称和数的变化,后接带to的不定式,否定式要在前面加don’t(doesn’t, didn’t),疑问句用do (does, did) 提问。例如:3 _; ?8 a2 s$ P& ?
There need be no hurry, need there?. K' r6 g$ t8 _9 A
He need never know. (=He never needs to know.)
1 w& L9 x2 _6 ^3 x% V8 n3 B I need only add a few words. (= I only need to add a few words.)' D3 C) H9 p; Z3 B$ }
比较:
% V/ j) Q+ w T Father sent me the book, so I didn’t need to write to him for it.6 W- ]) }: d t) K$ T1 a8 x
父亲把那本书寄来了,所以我不必为此给他写信了。(信没写)2 t6 d) x3 ^( D, ?
Father sent me the book, so I needn’t have written to him for it.8 w7 \, I( m' U$ t6 u( T: q
父亲把那本书寄来了,所以我本不该为此再写信给他的。(信已写)
+ ?: U0 L3 J5 R She didn’t need to come.她不必来的。(实际也没来)/ |8 Q( `' \$ [- p
She needn’t have come.她本来不必来的。(但却来了). w9 k+ P+ [. c& J2 q: p
Note:
6 N }6 {1 u3 s) E$ q: w4 C l- @ 作助动词用时,need只用于疑问句中和否定句中,在肯定句中常用must, have to, should, ought to等。例如:7 l4 |; ?3 L# q V4 u! s
Need you do it right now? I needn’t, but he must.
* n( J" l$ v# K( P2 H She doesn’t need to be told. She has already known it.
& E8 a! N& [( x( @, u" \ (客观情况使得告诉她没有必要:她已经知道)4 p* y9 W9 ]& t# N1 L& W* V5 z
She needn’t be told. We should keep it secret from her.
# ] Z$ Q- A! u4 z& \6 W' d h0 v (主观上不愿告诉) |