内容概要:
+ o& f8 t' I% i' C Z8 c 今天我们要来复习的是:have to, have got to, must not, need在现代英语中,have to 中不定式和疑问句式既可以按照助动词的变化规则构成,也可以按照行为动词的变化规则构成。! U1 E" K9 y5 j- U [" Y
Have you to finish the work before supper?
2 U: n F, u# a& y8 O$ M Do you have to finish the work before supper?4 l. R% E& N2 h) M
have got to 常可同have to换用,但有时表示不同的含义。比较:
, W9 |# G4 s' z' K1 J, s2 |# I8 c( u He has to report to the headquarters every two days.(例行公事,习惯动作)
$ c$ f$ h7 g5 d- _9 f He has got to report to the headquarters every two days.(一道指示或命令,必得每天报告一次)
8 V/ h+ w9 l' |: h' a0 _ 另外,作“有”解时,have got和have通常是可以换用的,have got更口语化,但有时表示不同的含义。比较:. ?: U. i% x3 k6 Z
The man has a blind eye.那人有一只眼瞎了。) q, L ]4 z7 k0 a
The man has got a blue eye.那人有一只眼被打青了。
# ?' ~# h! N8 a9 T; x must not表示禁止,是说话人强有力的劝告或命令,意为“一定要,不准”。因此,在回答由must引导的问题时,如果是否定的回答,表示“不必,没有必要”,不能用mustn’t,而要用needn’t或don’t have to.试比较:
' V9 i/ P6 A1 E' b You must not drive fast.你不能开快车。(路险或有速度限制)- F! E: z* ]* N: J2 V2 Q
You needn’t drive fast.(时间充裕)* E7 I0 j a" o B. t5 |: b
You must not tell others.(警告)
- `5 Q; J% y2 n3 H+ s You needn’t tell others.(没有必要)
) i/ u0 w6 O, \2 w needs为副词,相当于necessarily, of necessity. must needs和needs must均可表示“必须,必定,不得不”,这层意义上可以通用;但must needs还可表示“偏偏,偏要”,含有讥讽、不满的意思,而needs must则一般无这层意思。例如:5 z9 w- g6 E1 R4 t. v; Y Y) e
I must needs go there now.
, W5 @, k1 P/ U& w 我现在非到那里去不可。(可用needs must)1 l* ?" N# {4 G& R) Y+ Q
Needs must when the devil drives.
( e, Q4 D1 X& D' o( C' _/ a 情势所迫不得不那样。
1 ^( p; J$ Q. U6 b* ^2 s She must needs go away when I want her.+ J- S# u! [1 [
我正需要她时,她偏偏离开了。(不可用needs must) 更多信息: Y) Z3 @* Y3 M9 Q% c+ a( J7 z
The telephone must needs ring when I went to bed.
) E9 H. k' [$ t4 G) z( I$ ] 我上床睡觉时偏偏有人来电话。(不可用needs must)
1 ]0 {! Q# i" X5 x2 A need指主语的主观特需情况而使之必要。need既可以作助动词,又可以作行为动词。作助动词时,need没有人称和数的变化,后接不带to的不定式(动词原形),否定式为needn’t.作行动动词时,need同别的行为动词一样,有人称和数的变化,后接带to的不定式,否定式要在前面加don’t(doesn’t, didn’t),疑问句用do (does, did) 提问。例如:
/ L9 w% x6 ~* o6 S# v7 ` There need be no hurry, need there?
# ^( T! M3 f, E. E; s8 m# C He need never know. (=He never needs to know.)& m9 F T0 Z) Z2 ], g8 e$ k4 e
I need only add a few words. (= I only need to add a few words.). Y; u7 C& X+ R# M1 Q
比较:
* {) h7 o( t1 n$ D Father sent me the book, so I didn’t need to write to him for it.
5 [) X7 l$ H- w, Z% ] 父亲把那本书寄来了,所以我不必为此给他写信了。(信没写)3 I* V5 `+ }8 i
Father sent me the book, so I needn’t have written to him for it.
' g9 o3 O$ P$ Z 父亲把那本书寄来了,所以我本不该为此再写信给他的。(信已写)
; v/ y8 O8 Z, X- }: o) D7 l' N# W She didn’t need to come.她不必来的。(实际也没来)1 l; ]( f" T9 \4 i2 V% d P8 u
She needn’t have come.她本来不必来的。(但却来了)9 {& l* U4 }) L/ M1 O' p7 J4 ?
Note:
' |# ~) D8 g: F7 z& s: p" E3 _ 作助动词用时,need只用于疑问句中和否定句中,在肯定句中常用must, have to, should, ought to等。例如:
$ c2 x# g) |9 t$ h; p' a1 S Need you do it right now? I needn’t, but he must.& A4 E& g7 V* S0 F' ~* \8 Q) z) w" h) @
She doesn’t need to be told. She has already known it.
. M2 M/ `3 x2 J. n& q& x (客观情况使得告诉她没有必要:她已经知道)6 G, D7 O: l# B0 w* p1 k: A7 F
She needn’t be told. We should keep it secret from her.+ ]8 r# S3 q2 y3 e& o2 [
(主观上不愿告诉) |