内容概要:
7 I- q. J" j$ j5 H J! L 今天我们要来复习的是:have to, have got to, must not, need在现代英语中,have to 中不定式和疑问句式既可以按照助动词的变化规则构成,也可以按照行为动词的变化规则构成。. D& B1 V+ u% Z8 |
Have you to finish the work before supper?
e1 P; H' Y/ \+ I Do you have to finish the work before supper?' A0 T) [6 C8 k# e" O+ z) l1 K
have got to 常可同have to换用,但有时表示不同的含义。比较:
B7 k. v! k( y6 c7 a4 b9 M% W He has to report to the headquarters every two days.(例行公事,习惯动作)- d5 |" v4 l% ]- X+ ?
He has got to report to the headquarters every two days.(一道指示或命令,必得每天报告一次)- s: |6 i# j; z
另外,作“有”解时,have got和have通常是可以换用的,have got更口语化,但有时表示不同的含义。比较:7 _, i* R; E8 k. t
The man has a blind eye.那人有一只眼瞎了。; j/ w0 `% E% e7 ?3 i% J) d7 x, n# _+ Q
The man has got a blue eye.那人有一只眼被打青了。" B+ x; U, Q# K& [0 c( B
must not表示禁止,是说话人强有力的劝告或命令,意为“一定要,不准”。因此,在回答由must引导的问题时,如果是否定的回答,表示“不必,没有必要”,不能用mustn’t,而要用needn’t或don’t have to.试比较:
2 [: c8 t$ n9 |" ?' @( U. a You must not drive fast.你不能开快车。(路险或有速度限制)1 @* a& Y1 L9 c5 J
You needn’t drive fast.(时间充裕)! E$ d$ e6 q* z# h" \
You must not tell others.(警告)
, A+ _, {7 `) @: Y9 O You needn’t tell others.(没有必要)2 G; V. Q7 E% s. [1 e
needs为副词,相当于necessarily, of necessity. must needs和needs must均可表示“必须,必定,不得不”,这层意义上可以通用;但must needs还可表示“偏偏,偏要”,含有讥讽、不满的意思,而needs must则一般无这层意思。例如:7 z& U: {; E/ y
I must needs go there now.# ~$ v# `0 x5 ?3 n7 k6 _7 b
我现在非到那里去不可。(可用needs must)
2 S# v: k& L9 f Needs must when the devil drives.
! x9 e/ j( q& A1 g1 C7 e! T 情势所迫不得不那样。9 {. p3 m" d* W# e, r
She must needs go away when I want her.
4 }5 n4 E' S4 d' ` 我正需要她时,她偏偏离开了。(不可用needs must) 更多信息6 w6 W; m# i" }
The telephone must needs ring when I went to bed.
2 T! ?2 m* o9 h 我上床睡觉时偏偏有人来电话。(不可用needs must)& ]6 z! e6 y: i3 |: u
need指主语的主观特需情况而使之必要。need既可以作助动词,又可以作行为动词。作助动词时,need没有人称和数的变化,后接不带to的不定式(动词原形),否定式为needn’t.作行动动词时,need同别的行为动词一样,有人称和数的变化,后接带to的不定式,否定式要在前面加don’t(doesn’t, didn’t),疑问句用do (does, did) 提问。例如:7 t z# @$ P! P+ u0 M# d
There need be no hurry, need there?8 q; ^) s; T! D# r6 |
He need never know. (=He never needs to know.)
; ?. N! x. g; m4 m# k, e I need only add a few words. (= I only need to add a few words.)$ s' X+ n5 ~* d; O
比较:
: Y5 [$ }* w2 Y0 X$ U# Y) p9 b- _8 ] Father sent me the book, so I didn’t need to write to him for it.
! x3 Q5 f7 v. q 父亲把那本书寄来了,所以我不必为此给他写信了。(信没写)
7 {/ A3 |2 ^& v% |8 Y5 T Father sent me the book, so I needn’t have written to him for it.
0 C- ]* h6 c1 Z* e, _ 父亲把那本书寄来了,所以我本不该为此再写信给他的。(信已写)# b# v6 G$ ?; t! P
She didn’t need to come.她不必来的。(实际也没来)
2 T5 H$ y( a! F! w She needn’t have come.她本来不必来的。(但却来了)
0 b! c$ Z& V" G7 ^9 b Note:' Y: ? t& l4 t6 J J
作助动词用时,need只用于疑问句中和否定句中,在肯定句中常用must, have to, should, ought to等。例如:6 O" D: Q* E: M, D; o
Need you do it right now? I needn’t, but he must.
8 B2 t. E) r) I1 h. \ e She doesn’t need to be told. She has already known it.9 y# x( d3 T2 x n0 s; a: U6 X/ E
(客观情况使得告诉她没有必要:她已经知道)
* j" ` a% m D# s1 i: }& ~5 u She needn’t be told. We should keep it secret from her.6 p2 ~$ ?) y3 U. n9 c# u4 m
(主观上不愿告诉) |