英语语言学笔记纲要（2）

会计考友

　　Chapter 2 Phonetics
　　l        What is phonetics?
' }5 S$ F  \: F' I- r　　n        Phonetics is termed as the study of speech sounds.
　　n        Sub-branches of phonetics
　　u      Articulatory phonetics – the production of speech sounds
) ?- z. b: q" h$ r# P　　u      Acoustic phonetics – the physical properties of speech sounds
　　u      Auditory phonetics – the perceptive mechanism of speech sounds
　　l        The speech organs
　　n        Where does the air stream come from?
* k; Z# [$ w! z2 W# y3 {　　u      From the lung
　　n        What is the function of vocal cords?
' Q* j; h2 ^' x　　u      Controlling the air stream
　　n        What are the cavities?
2 K5 u4 y  o/ l8 y　　u      Oral cavity
　　u      Pharyngeal cavity
, w0 J. F2 [. H1 Y7 f　　u      Nasal cavity
　　l        Transcription of speech sounds
　　n        Units of representation
3 y4 E+ `4 M+ t　　u      Segments (the individual sounds)
2 s' C' z; `& i4 i5 n　　n        Phonetic symbols
) r& f9 c+ G% ^5 L3 z/ k9 i( h　　u      The widely used symbols for phonetic transcription of speech sounds is the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA).
0 S' R6 R- O4 c, B　　u      The IPA attempts to represent each sound of human speech with a single symbol and the symbols are enclosed in brackets [ ] to distinguish phonetic transcriptions from the spelling system of a language.
5 W# p7 S6 d8 l' ]4 a1 G5 a! E　　u      In more detailed transcription (narrow transcription) a sound may be transcribed with a symbol to which a smaller is added in order to mark the finer distinctions.
　　l        Description of speech sounds
　　n        Description of English consonants
　　u      General feature: obstruction
, |8 ?& X5 n3 f" x/ h　　u      Criteria of consonant description
　　l        Places of articulation
& a$ c2 F: O9 R' d2 `5 V) O　　l        Manners of articulation
　　l        Voicing of articulation
' `: m3 G' v% w- _  z% v　　u      Places of articulation
　　l        This refers to each point at which the air stream can be modified to produce a sound.
　　n        Bilabial: [p] [m] [w]
　　n        Labiodental: [f] [v]
　　n        Interdental: [W] [T]
0 v/ l( H/ ?  s8 m: {* V7 g　　n        Alveolar: [t] [d] [z] [l] [n] [r]
　　n        Palatal: [F] [V] [tF] [dV] [j]
　　n        Velar: [k] [g] [N]
" L+ c7 u( D4 p, `# u" r　　n        Glottal: [h]

会计考友

　　u      Manners of articulation
　　l        This refers to how the air stream is modified, whether it is completely blocked or partially obstructed.
6 R+ K! d$ O$ ?8 J8 i' D( E　　n        Stops: [p] [t] [d] [k] [g]
　　n        Fricatives: [z] [F] [V] [f] [v] [W] [T] [h]
/ t2 k9 ?/ @5 r9 b$ Y7 [$ Z* x　　n        Affricates: [tF] [dV]
　　n        Liquids: [l] [r]
7 e& s# y" G2 _8 u　　n        Glides: [w] [j]
　　n        Nasals: [m] [n] [N]
　　u      Voicing of articulation
; Y% b. C' @% H' W　　l        This refers to the vibrating of the vocal cords when sounds are produced.
8 J8 Q1 ?* j1 f/ p　　n        Voiced sounds
　　n        Voiceless sounds
　　n        Description of English vowels
　　u      General feature: without obstruction
　　u      Criteria of vowel description
　　l        Part of the tongue that is raised
　　n        Front
　　n        Central
　　n        Back
　　l        Extent to which the tongue rises in the direction of the palate
8 ~3 m4 E7 y% p7 Z  `' l5 p8 P　　n        High
5 G* O1 A& w: r4 P2 V$ M0 z2 w　　n        Mid
　　n        Low
5 M9 h& n* z# z& ]- v　　l        Kind of opening made at the lips
　　l        Position of the soft palate
　　u      Single vowels (monophthongs) and diphthongs
　　l        Phonetic features and natural classes
　　n        Classes of sounds that share a feature or features are called natural classes.
　　n        Major class features can specify segments across the consonant-vowel boundary.
0 `6 |4 ]3 x7 u+ W, w( E) t1 ~  F9 R　　n        Classification of segments by features is the basis on which variations of sounds can be analyzed.