英语语言学笔记纲要（2）

会计考友

　　Chapter 2 Phonetics
* p9 @$ n; g8 x　　l        What is phonetics?
　　n        Phonetics is termed as the study of speech sounds.
　　n        Sub-branches of phonetics
　　u      Articulatory phonetics – the production of speech sounds
　　u      Acoustic phonetics – the physical properties of speech sounds
. B$ s# h" r% _% r) q8 e　　u      Auditory phonetics – the perceptive mechanism of speech sounds
+ h: H4 R% U: f% A- B! Q　　l        The speech organs
　　n        Where does the air stream come from?
; |4 V2 l) e+ n9 q　　u      From the lung
5 M, W! `% q) [: D' D. e  q, o　　n        What is the function of vocal cords?
6 O3 o% H/ m2 `. C4 N' p# y! y　　u      Controlling the air stream
　　n        What are the cavities?
　　u      Oral cavity
　　u      Pharyngeal cavity
　　u      Nasal cavity
　　l        Transcription of speech sounds
　　n        Units of representation
　　u      Segments (the individual sounds)
% n. R0 ]! J9 O, y. h　　n        Phonetic symbols
) X; r4 W0 G! Z; S( x　　u      The widely used symbols for phonetic transcription of speech sounds is the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA).
; Z$ G$ P% p' X) z　　u      The IPA attempts to represent each sound of human speech with a single symbol and the symbols are enclosed in brackets [ ] to distinguish phonetic transcriptions from the spelling system of a language.
　　u      In more detailed transcription (narrow transcription) a sound may be transcribed with a symbol to which a smaller is added in order to mark the finer distinctions.
　　l        Description of speech sounds
　　n        Description of English consonants
5 {2 @6 t7 Y* G# a- G4 L! g6 B　　u      General feature: obstruction
　　u      Criteria of consonant description
　　l        Places of articulation
6 A" \; d7 O& X% ?& K4 Z　　l        Manners of articulation
　　l        Voicing of articulation
4 F; i8 T, y  @( E1 B2 `5 q　　u      Places of articulation
　　l        This refers to each point at which the air stream can be modified to produce a sound.
( B& n; [1 L4 [9 ]2 V2 u) c　　n        Bilabial: [p] [m] [w]
; K3 p' @0 m4 R; M　　n        Labiodental: [f] [v]
- k' a% R/ k# V3 g3 U　　n        Interdental: [W] [T]
　　n        Alveolar: [t] [d] [z] [l] [n] [r]
1 W$ ]8 a6 k& U  {8 e; j　　n        Palatal: [F] [V] [tF] [dV] [j]
- b- b$ @0 u6 D　　n        Velar: [k] [g] [N]
0 D$ f* u, K$ {8 R　　n        Glottal: [h]

会计考友

　　u      Manners of articulation
　　l        This refers to how the air stream is modified, whether it is completely blocked or partially obstructed.
% {& K" ^  {" c7 q/ h　　n        Stops: [p] [t] [d] [k] [g]
9 Q! g9 p" S) e. A* D　　n        Fricatives: [z] [F] [V] [f] [v] [W] [T] [h]
; \% I( ?# X  S3 g　　n        Affricates: [tF] [dV]
, X4 k+ s+ g5 u# Z* e# ?　　n        Liquids: [l] [r]
　　n        Glides: [w] [j]
　　n        Nasals: [m] [n] [N]
　　u      Voicing of articulation
　　l        This refers to the vibrating of the vocal cords when sounds are produced.
　　n        Voiced sounds
　　n        Voiceless sounds
　　n        Description of English vowels
1 _6 X8 ~& k1 L' K/ g* F: u　　u      General feature: without obstruction
( o7 \& e$ t  n1 E　　u      Criteria of vowel description
　　l        Part of the tongue that is raised
　　n        Front
　　n        Central
. y& a' t5 Z7 i( J+ e6 e" n, P　　n        Back
　　l        Extent to which the tongue rises in the direction of the palate
: e' \' s- n3 {. U& x: `  L( f. e" H4 k( O, J　　n        High
　　n        Mid
- m6 k6 p4 f  d- d　　n        Low
. D0 D% D9 R' |7 R* d/ |1 e$ s( l　　l        Kind of opening made at the lips
　　l        Position of the soft palate
　　u      Single vowels (monophthongs) and diphthongs
" T( g7 I# ?6 M- @4 S4 }9 U, S　　l        Phonetic features and natural classes
! S8 f/ X3 g& ]8 {) p; P4 n　　n        Classes of sounds that share a feature or features are called natural classes.
7 o5 l; ?7 b- e) u, L5 \! l　　n        Major class features can specify segments across the consonant-vowel boundary.
　　n        Classification of segments by features is the basis on which variations of sounds can be analyzed.