英语语言学笔记纲要（2）

会计考友 · 发表于 2012-8-14 11:29:10

　　Chapter 2 Phonetics
　　l       What is phonetics?
　　n       Phonetics is termed as the study of speech sounds.
　　n       Sub-branches of phonetics
　　u    Articulatory phonetics – the production of speech sounds
　　u    Acoustic phonetics – the physical properties of speech sounds
　　u    Auditory phonetics – the perceptive mechanism of speech sounds
　　l       The speech organs
　　n       Where does the air stream come from?
　　u    From the lung
　　n       What is the function of vocal cords?
　　u    Controlling the air stream
　　n       What are the cavities?
　　u    Oral cavity
　　u    Pharyngeal cavity
　　u    Nasal cavity
　　l       Transcription of speech sounds
　　n       Units of representation
　　u    Segments (the individual sounds)
　　n       Phonetic symbols
　　u    The widely used symbols for phonetic transcription of speech sounds is the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA).
　　u    The IPA attempts to represent each sound of human speech with a single symbol and the symbols are enclosed in brackets [ ] to distinguish phonetic transcriptions from the spelling system of a language.
　　u    In more detailed transcription (narrow transcription) a sound may be transcribed with a symbol to which a smaller is added in order to mark the finer distinctions.
　　l       Description of speech sounds
　　n       Description of English consonants
　　u    General feature: obstruction
　　u    Criteria of consonant description
　　l       Places of articulation
　　l       Manners of articulation
　　l       Voicing of articulation
　　u    Places of articulation
　　l       This refers to each point at which the air stream can be modified to produce a sound.
　　n       Bilabial: [p] [m] [w]
) d' X. @/ D8 ~* D% P7 ]$ m( P　　n       Labiodental: [f] [v]" p! E  ?* S" L& v1 ^# L$ G, |
　　n       Interdental: [W] [T]
  O: I7 Z7 t9 M* w- S　　n       Alveolar: [t] [d] [z] [l] [n] [r]) e. U% x% \1 r
　　n       Palatal: [F] [V] [tF] [dV] [j]2 i. k' F% x7 n4 r) s
　　n       Velar: [k] [g] [N]3 R; i! u/ p1 i0 W* ]" M' }
　　n       Glottal: [h]

会计考友 · 发表于 2012-8-14 11:29:11

　　u    Manners of articulation
　　l       This refers to how the air stream is modified, whether it is completely blocked or partially obstructed.
　　n       Stops: [p] [t] [d] [k] [g]
) y5 ^2 F3 n9 h# M2 D　　n       Fricatives: [z] [F] [V] [f] [v] [W] [T] [h]
% M. _1 }1 A9 k  p　　n       Affricates: [tF] [dV]' V3 |# w% @+ s& T" L
　　n       Liquids: [l] [r]
) F4 l6 s7 R3 g& y　　n       Glides: [w] [j]/ ~1 A) |9 ^3 X* R, ]9 b4 |
　　n       Nasals: [m] [n] [N]
/ ^: z6 V6 t' i! [9 x" I8 c　　u    Voicing of articulation4 {1 c4 x6 N8 V5 L6 D
　　l       This refers to the vibrating of the vocal cords when sounds are produced.
" \/ V8 A0 [' O2 u. u7 i- j　　n       Voiced sounds
/ v% B' V. L: C% f& a- w$ i　　n       Voiceless sounds' Z* R( W; u7 P5 `0 X3 D
　　n       Description of English vowels
# Q* v6 [$ J& ^  T; \　　u    General feature: without obstruction
% ]6 O( r. E4 ?* t/ |/ {' ]! W" d　　u    Criteria of vowel description# Z, V( {& v/ @
　　l       Part of the tongue that is raised+ U. c9 R$ \, X- ~- i4 J
　　n       Front
　　n       Central+ q/ Q3 W7 N' w3 _# q' |. B0 ]
　　n       Back
; W, B/ [/ K) \& s　　l       Extent to which the tongue rises in the direction of the palate
! n: [5 u; I: W8 M+ m& T) C: i　　n       High# e: N9 V1 K8 _  t0 j$ L
　　n       Mid
4 r2 g3 F8 c) K4 v, X* @! u　　n       Low) t' Q, f- p3 p, E' Z
　　l       Kind of opening made at the lips
* ]( Z' O( ]# u) ~2 ?  x' F　　l       Position of the soft palate. G+ @+ `8 j- s& X0 k$ _
　　u    Single vowels (monophthongs) and diphthongs
6 {) j/ \& ]/ J+ _　　l       Phonetic features and natural classes
2 d1 x/ G, T# H" c. i" v; e, @　　n       Classes of sounds that share a feature or features are called natural classes.0 [- \! G" z1 k+ C( y
　　n       Major class features can specify segments across the consonant-vowel boundary.% c( W9 n5 y6 ^( s5 M& w5 m3 @+ D
　　n       Classification of segments by features is the basis on which variations of sounds can be analyzed.

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[专八辅导] 英语语言学笔记纲要（2）

英语语言学笔记纲要（2）