Chapter 2 Phonetics
, N/ k& b% _) j0 `, U8 R+ m l What is phonetics?. j8 J5 }0 K6 Y e, B2 i5 t; e
n Phonetics is termed as the study of speech sounds.0 K0 F: ^8 J- @; `, U: W: {. K
n Sub-branches of phonetics
7 D! ~4 z# E- S7 c( Q u Articulatory phonetics – the production of speech sounds
' Y9 t1 b# S' F8 b# N! f1 ^6 ^ u Acoustic phonetics – the physical properties of speech sounds
( k! u# D: l( \ u Auditory phonetics – the perceptive mechanism of speech sounds& Q( X" c5 ?6 e* _# b f5 z
l The speech organs. G5 c G0 w9 r9 W3 k& ^, y
n Where does the air stream come from?0 n! d9 m1 |- W1 s1 K/ N0 a) k
u From the lung& j2 T& \/ t- H+ s
n What is the function of vocal cords?
e5 S1 E. Y; o4 A* t! m# H u Controlling the air stream
9 m; _- ?1 C$ G5 R( N4 R: p, L+ v n What are the cavities?) p* g8 s+ ]2 W$ q3 @
u Oral cavity
! z. Z3 ~, L5 z7 X u Pharyngeal cavity- \1 R: X8 C! y5 E' X) z% i
u Nasal cavity
! D; z: c. e" j! I l Transcription of speech sounds* r% e, d2 j1 p6 n3 O! y7 m8 c" Y
n Units of representation
( M/ G) ~6 e0 Y: E. D: c. U u Segments (the individual sounds), B: }7 N$ H1 Z$ R! a9 @8 _/ d
n Phonetic symbols p8 l& w. q6 t9 h! j5 X
u The widely used symbols for phonetic transcription of speech sounds is the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA).7 e1 b. x ^8 Q; D% _
u The IPA attempts to represent each sound of human speech with a single symbol and the symbols are enclosed in brackets [ ] to distinguish phonetic transcriptions from the spelling system of a language.
. U( D6 `4 s9 C8 `9 O$ i u In more detailed transcription (narrow transcription) a sound may be transcribed with a symbol to which a smaller is added in order to mark the finer distinctions.& Q( n/ S- d% B5 W, ^( h: n
l Description of speech sounds! L( K6 q% d7 B
n Description of English consonants
1 Z( A% Y$ T0 d& b u General feature: obstruction
0 b7 M; O! _# v6 C1 e u Criteria of consonant description$ K( ~7 `2 K, g7 J1 h9 y& f
l Places of articulation4 r' N) ?9 y) D9 e" I
l Manners of articulation/ f4 ]# j- I0 u/ x$ h I: r* `
l Voicing of articulation
$ @0 s% ~: N: z3 [, Q8 g" p: T u Places of articulation0 [6 R* P0 F1 J9 ^9 y
l This refers to each point at which the air stream can be modified to produce a sound.
0 U- G* q: O2 \+ @ n Bilabial: [p] [m] [w]' p& m9 V; Q- u& Y: m" u
n Labiodental: [f] [v]
. |/ J' e0 v# ~ n Interdental: [W] [T]# b2 P6 x$ M" v: I0 D- W
n Alveolar: [t] [d] [z] [l] [n] [r] G' }) m# `. B9 i
n Palatal: [F] [V] [tF] [dV] [j]# l; b, _1 A$ [4 \( u; x
n Velar: [k] [g] [N]( H- `3 a0 @9 Z* h7 |8 ^& N( O4 j
n Glottal: [h] |