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[专八辅导] 专八英语语言学笔记纲要(2)

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发表于 2012-8-14 11:35:50 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式
  Chapter 2 Phonetics
, N/ k& b% _) j0 `, U8 R+ m  l        What is phonetics?. j8 J5 }0 K6 Y  e, B2 i5 t; e
  n        Phonetics is termed as the study of speech sounds.0 K0 F: ^8 J- @; `, U: W: {. K
  n        Sub-branches of phonetics
7 D! ~4 z# E- S7 c( Q  u      Articulatory phonetics – the production of speech sounds
' Y9 t1 b# S' F8 b# N! f1 ^6 ^  u      Acoustic phonetics – the physical properties of speech sounds
( k! u# D: l( \  u      Auditory phonetics – the perceptive mechanism of speech sounds& Q( X" c5 ?6 e* _# b  f5 z
  l        The speech organs. G5 c  G0 w9 r9 W3 k& ^, y
  n        Where does the air stream come from?0 n! d9 m1 |- W1 s1 K/ N0 a) k
  u      From the lung& j2 T& \/ t- H+ s
  n        What is the function of vocal cords?
  e5 S1 E. Y; o4 A* t! m# H  u      Controlling the air stream
9 m; _- ?1 C$ G5 R( N4 R: p, L+ v  n        What are the cavities?) p* g8 s+ ]2 W$ q3 @
  u      Oral cavity
! z. Z3 ~, L5 z7 X  u      Pharyngeal cavity- \1 R: X8 C! y5 E' X) z% i
  u      Nasal cavity
! D; z: c. e" j! I  l        Transcription of speech sounds* r% e, d2 j1 p6 n3 O! y7 m8 c" Y
  n        Units of representation
( M/ G) ~6 e0 Y: E. D: c. U  u      Segments (the individual sounds), B: }7 N$ H1 Z$ R! a9 @8 _/ d
  n        Phonetic symbols  p8 l& w. q6 t9 h! j5 X
  u      The widely used symbols for phonetic transcription of speech sounds is the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA).7 e1 b. x  ^8 Q; D% _
  u      The IPA attempts to represent each sound of human speech with a single symbol and the symbols are enclosed in brackets [ ] to distinguish phonetic transcriptions from the spelling system of a language.
. U( D6 `4 s9 C8 `9 O$ i  u      In more detailed transcription (narrow transcription) a sound may be transcribed with a symbol to which a smaller is added in order to mark the finer distinctions.& Q( n/ S- d% B5 W, ^( h: n
  l        Description of speech sounds! L( K6 q% d7 B
  n        Description of English consonants
1 Z( A% Y$ T0 d& b  u      General feature: obstruction
0 b7 M; O! _# v6 C1 e  u      Criteria of consonant description$ K( ~7 `2 K, g7 J1 h9 y& f
  l        Places of articulation4 r' N) ?9 y) D9 e" I
  l        Manners of articulation/ f4 ]# j- I0 u/ x$ h  I: r* `
  l        Voicing of articulation
$ @0 s% ~: N: z3 [, Q8 g" p: T  u      Places of articulation0 [6 R* P0 F1 J9 ^9 y
  l        This refers to each point at which the air stream can be modified to produce a sound.
0 U- G* q: O2 \+ @  n        Bilabial: [p] [m] [w]' p& m9 V; Q- u& Y: m" u
  n        Labiodental: [f] [v]
. |/ J' e0 v# ~  n        Interdental: [W] [T]# b2 P6 x$ M" v: I0 D- W
  n        Alveolar: [t] [d] [z] [l] [n] [r]  G' }) m# `. B9 i
  n        Palatal: [F] [V] [tF] [dV] [j]# l; b, _1 A$ [4 \( u; x
  n        Velar: [k] [g] [N]( H- `3 a0 @9 Z* h7 |8 ^& N( O4 j
  n        Glottal: [h]
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