Chapter 2 Phonetics
9 H+ _$ |+ ^; p% W. o5 n l What is phonetics?
3 g9 w) C( t2 a9 P7 K n Phonetics is termed as the study of speech sounds.
[6 @6 R Y/ c/ e6 x, i n Sub-branches of phonetics
4 X" t! s" b4 t6 H& A7 ~5 a u Articulatory phonetics – the production of speech sounds$ p, V/ y# L: ?% R5 x
u Acoustic phonetics – the physical properties of speech sounds
; l+ e- J$ \/ ~2 \ u Auditory phonetics – the perceptive mechanism of speech sounds
& Y( o$ Z, h% x# @8 R: t0 X8 z l The speech organs: X0 q( D o' m! |) V
n Where does the air stream come from?1 z4 A: o$ {5 T6 M: j
u From the lung
2 {3 e2 _* F+ j4 E4 _+ u n What is the function of vocal cords?
Y: M- S. z& W- |! [6 B# { u Controlling the air stream
9 _( A% G- t9 j* B n What are the cavities?
/ `+ X% O: r5 T- |3 @7 z! ?% { u Oral cavity
. z) A! y: f [9 x* P, O9 k7 ` u Pharyngeal cavity4 l1 h v+ |$ w8 K: V$ j5 j
u Nasal cavity
" v7 ^* J! }1 a3 y( d l Transcription of speech sounds
# H; I* x( g; @- m { n Units of representation
; H/ c2 @0 P J1 ^0 e% V% G' Z u Segments (the individual sounds)
% {% Z+ E: x2 Z n Phonetic symbols
, O5 j& |# ^7 g% Y u The widely used symbols for phonetic transcription of speech sounds is the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA).
3 k3 e8 v8 y* ^8 I R; F u The IPA attempts to represent each sound of human speech with a single symbol and the symbols are enclosed in brackets [ ] to distinguish phonetic transcriptions from the spelling system of a language.5 j: R+ S/ ?. D- l M9 D" m k
u In more detailed transcription (narrow transcription) a sound may be transcribed with a symbol to which a smaller is added in order to mark the finer distinctions.
( H: {9 n1 T3 A7 V. F+ P, E7 O8 ] l Description of speech sounds
0 n# ?" M, o2 b; \( p( C& j n Description of English consonants
; X1 h: F# E. @! P5 r" S u General feature: obstruction
5 W+ K& ^- g$ K3 n/ ~2 M$ C3 { u Criteria of consonant description8 G, B! o3 \5 C- H7 a+ e, F; }
l Places of articulation7 h8 d, l+ o- T& O
l Manners of articulation0 g- ~4 c# w+ M6 l/ o
l Voicing of articulation
2 |1 p( n! ~8 e) g u Places of articulation$ d( p0 R1 U1 N, ]" S. e
l This refers to each point at which the air stream can be modified to produce a sound.
e$ n' I; W8 |$ B5 M- Q n Bilabial: [p] [m] [w]8 {. B" h0 H: B4 p/ l/ E
n Labiodental: [f] [v]
q3 ?$ [! o9 d' t/ d$ R2 ~' M n Interdental: [W] [T]
6 ~: u. @1 E( I n Alveolar: [t] [d] [z] [l] [n] [r]
8 y* @6 {& f" E n Palatal: [F] [V] [tF] [dV] [j]6 K3 n+ I3 H* v# g# v
n Velar: [k] [g] [N]! Y( \1 a, _: B( z6 W, y
n Glottal: [h] |
发表于 2012-8-14 11:35:50
