Mars has provoked much speculation on the possibili- (1)
+ Q. I: ?6 E9 H ties of life beyond Earth than any planet in the Solar System. (2) __# S' p) D6 t5 w; @0 [4 U
The presence of water is a prerequisite for the existing of life. (3) __+ q. o& E9 [' r d
Therefore, “follow the water” has been NASA' s chief guide-& ~7 [; X# N. k3 Y9 t
line for the exploration of a red planet. Although Mars experi- (4)' ?) H/ {4 q }! F5 g+ _
ences seasons like on Earth and has polar caps which com- (5) __$ ?- Z7 o4 X9 c* L0 B9 x8 F0 U
posed of carbon dioxide and water ice, today it is bone-dry and
0 G' `* S p3 T" r6 t frigidly cold. But evidence is rapidly accumulating Mars was (6) __
5 a7 w2 A$ n% c1 p, | once much wetter, with a more clement climate. This evidence
Q4 g; M; R: V; N: u( @ comes from orbiting satellites and from data collected by rov-: c# X4 \4 J5 S5 j( z! t4 W9 g
ing landers.8 n" T3 \, W. P5 U4 A4 C. j
Since 1970s, space probes to Mars have revealed numer- (7) __6 z3 _& M% U l7 a
ous features apparent carved by flowing water, such as wind-1 s/ b& {, l% X5 ~( Z. P
Lng, branched valleys resembling dried-out streambeds and gi-; x2 c9 `6 ]4 t9 x4 I( u! E
ant outflow channels gouged by catastrophic floods. Recent
/ \% W2 k& w% O: o4 L, w. a high-resolution imagery from the Mars Global Surveyor Mars. k+ g" j* Q; M& t
Orbiter Camera and the Mars Odyssey THEMIS reveal nu- (8) __
0 ~1 N2 W5 ?6 Y7 |" ^ merous examples of branched valleys that form tightly-packed,
+ [9 c! X6 u3 }! N; m integrated drainage systems. These channels origins at topo- (9) __
7 `, G2 d, l% r2 h4 i graphic high points; the valleys widen “downstream”, some
, Q# R" A( P4 e even displaying inner valleys. The valley networks exhibit
1 [' D( D& b9 C8 k morphometric characteristics, including network densities,
( W# B! {3 N& y: A: A comparative to those of terrestrial drainage basins. These fea- (10) __6 v) S9 X4 \- s, u- m0 o' Y9 p8 L
tures were most likely produced by rainfall, during wetter,! n; r8 G% U' C/ S ^
warmer periods in the past. |