Mars has provoked much speculation on the possibili- (1); I3 T. o; Y1 h, z; U6 R' T
ties of life beyond Earth than any planet in the Solar System. (2) __
5 ?; \) o) S7 A' G i8 d* o2 I The presence of water is a prerequisite for the existing of life. (3) __
: P/ @# h0 f, t5 e8 V, w Therefore, “follow the water” has been NASA' s chief guide-
: T R J L3 j: K line for the exploration of a red planet. Although Mars experi- (4)0 V: ^7 P0 X) l( E
ences seasons like on Earth and has polar caps which com- (5) __: v4 l& A' N6 E0 o" j3 [
posed of carbon dioxide and water ice, today it is bone-dry and7 y& n+ m- }) ]( n; U
frigidly cold. But evidence is rapidly accumulating Mars was (6) __
1 Z9 g7 w i4 a Y8 S& D once much wetter, with a more clement climate. This evidence$ G2 s6 m% r, T& |1 V
comes from orbiting satellites and from data collected by rov-2 z7 v; g0 r3 n3 H
ing landers.
! ^/ z: D0 J- V7 `# A3 [ Since 1970s, space probes to Mars have revealed numer- (7) __
' F+ R1 v1 @; _ ous features apparent carved by flowing water, such as wind-) a- Z6 B( o& l- i# k$ ^/ a
Lng, branched valleys resembling dried-out streambeds and gi-
F5 C/ [- ]4 g ant outflow channels gouged by catastrophic floods. Recent3 I1 m7 D! W: F$ h
high-resolution imagery from the Mars Global Surveyor Mars
: e6 j) ]: ]& g# b Orbiter Camera and the Mars Odyssey THEMIS reveal nu- (8) __
! S- Q) g* ~' j. T/ K/ v) D merous examples of branched valleys that form tightly-packed,
& b3 c& G, \4 X$ {! V integrated drainage systems. These channels origins at topo- (9) __( N, I6 w" ^3 m q
graphic high points; the valleys widen “downstream”, some
/ t! ]$ Z% m" ]1 q B0 w even displaying inner valleys. The valley networks exhibit! w% B0 b$ P2 O
morphometric characteristics, including network densities," p7 {" C, P; H& K; S/ r
comparative to those of terrestrial drainage basins. These fea- (10) __, G9 _/ l6 N" O, u# i
tures were most likely produced by rainfall, during wetter,$ w0 J8 C3 C" {/ o3 j
warmer periods in the past. |