一. 不一致(disagreements)
- S* O' B' [6 S7 _4 m* x3 [ 所谓不一致不光指主谓不一致,它还包括了数的不一致时态不一致及代词不一致等.$ ?: I E4 ^' q6 _4 N( P
例. when one have money ,he can do what he want to .7 b8 a2 c" x6 o# ]$ m8 w, V
(人一旦有了钱,他就能想干什么就干什么.)
7 d7 Z5 _3 w# I* d 剖析:one是单数第三人称,因而本句的have应改为has ;同理,want应改为wants.本句是典型的主谓不一致.
3 f" I1 c$ T, ]1 C- [ 改为: once one has money ,he can do what he wants (to do)- }! _- p! L0 P5 D
二. 修饰语错位(misplaced modifiers)
6 h7 k7 {4 G- d$ a 英语与汉语不同,同一个修饰语置于句子不同的位置,句子的含义可能引起变化.对于这一点中国学生往往没有引起足够的重视,因而造成了不必要的误解。
p) R( Q& g. ]( t( H 例. i believe i can do it well and i will better know the world outside the campus.
3 h( k2 l- k; S, H 剖析:better位置不当,应置于句末.% ?) t0 p* D1 {, v7 h& {; a
三. 句子不完整(sentence fragments)2 a+ }5 f0 X, L# K. M
在口语中,交际双方可借助手势语气上下文等,不完整的句子完全可以被理解.可是书面语就不同了,句子结构不完整会令意思表达不清,这种情况常常发生在主句写完以后,笔者又想加些补充说明时发生.
! a" ?6 p" P9 a2 l' T, x 例. there are many ways to know the society. for example by TV,radio ,newspaper and so on .( C5 ^/ ^/ T" Z- V' T
剖析:本句后半部分"for example by tv ,radio ,newspaper and so on .”不是一个完整的句子,仅为一些不连贯的词语,不能独立成句.) M# ]$ e; H+ Y( f
改为:there are many ways to know society ,for example ,by tv ,radio ,and newspaper.
0 R |4 M# ^9 N2 m# ^ 四. 悬垂修饰语(dangling modifiers)3 ?! R/ A4 X/ t) t
所谓悬垂修饰语是指句首的短语与后面句子的逻辑关系混乱不清.! v& m" ]0 J$ f) L: d* C# a+ j& Q# h
例1:at the age of ten, my grandfather died. 这句中"at the age of ten"只点出十岁时,但没有说明” 谁”十岁时.按一般推理不可能是my grandfather, 如果我们把这个悬垂修饰语改明确一点,全句就不那么费解了./ ^( T2 h$ M+ g- v9 v
改为:when i was ten, my grandfather died.
! z# Z4 `; v3 S8 l" T 例2.to do well in college, good grades are essential.) u9 R" Y' T) ?# i
剖析:句中不定式短语 “to do well in college” 的逻辑主语不清楚.. _7 a5 }: ], i7 g
改为:to do well in college, a student needs good grades.4 |6 g+ t. t. a' Q5 N# c. Q; f9 ]
五. 词性误用(misuse of parts of speech)
7 o7 O+ C1 o$ B4 E4 u3 C “词性误用”常表现为:介词当动词用;形容词当副词用;名词当动词用等.' N4 b6 Q+ t) Q
例.none can negative the importance of money.
2 W, k+ B# J ~) u4 T) {8 x" g J0 m7 B 剖析:negative 系形容词,误作动词。
% _: }; S k9 y9 | 改为:none can deny the importance of money.; I$ l0 J" a4 F
六. 指代不清(ambiguous reference of pronouns). v0 S+ k/ N/ v1 ?' _" @9 s
指代不清主要讲的是代词与被指代的人或物关系不清,或者先后所用的代词不一致。试看下面这一句:mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted her to be her bridesmaid.7 T/ O' ~ c0 ~& X
(玛丽和我姐姐很要好,因为她要她做她的伴娘。)( q" o( M' [* y- t" ]" r
读完上面这一句话?对象加以明确,意思就一目了然了。6 L3 \& Q2 t) N1 }
改为:mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted my sister to be her bridesmaid.
& C; C( q6 M0 b; P8 Z2 l 例. and we can also know the society by serving it yourself.5 V4 H9 w, T/ h8 }; g# P3 l5 k
剖析:句中人称代词we 和反身代词yourself指代不一致。
1 g! N1 K- t9 C+ @; {6 O, o 改为:we can also know society by serving it ourselves.5 q2 y, O6 E0 W8 N: M8 v! E
七. 不间断句子(run-on sentences)0 h/ ^7 `+ z5 B. K @/ Q
什么叫run-on sentence?请看下面的例句。
# r) U- E! E# w* ~' q 例. there are many ways we get to know the outside world.
! s; H# J* j3 X9 x 剖析:这个句子包含了两层完整的意思:“there are many ways.” 以及“we get to know the outside world.”。简单地把它们连在一起就不妥当了。7 T- K; D& X9 z& | W1 D& V0 W2 a
改为:there are many ways for us to learn about the outside world. 或:there are many ways through which we can become acquainted with the outside world
) G! J$ J* p: ^; m! U 八. 措词毛病(troubles in diction)8 R" r. u) Y! @/ h
diction 是指在特定的句子中如何适当地选用词语的问题,囿于教学时间紧迫,教师平时在这方面花的时间往往极其有限,影响了学生在写作中没有养成良好的推敲,斟酌的习惯。他们往往随心所欲,拿来就用。所以作文中用词不当的错误比比皆是。
; F1 k. \# U* R0 z7 }6 u 例. the increasing use of chemical obstacles in agriculture also makes pollution.! R; P& v( b. s' L2 k
(农业方面化学物质使用的不断增加也造成了污染。)
' x6 w/ h& P% G, j6 M+ o 剖析:显然,考生把obstacles“障碍”,“障碍物”误作substance“物质”了。另外“the increasing use (不断增加的使用)” 应改为“abusive use (滥用)”。
5 m; h8 j- }. k; L6 b 改为:the abusive use of chemical substances in agriculture also causes/leads to pollution.
( K2 k* L! J# G/ K 九. 累赘(redundancy)! k! \9 b- b( \* E$ \: D2 {; I3 X
言以简洁为贵。写句子没有一个多余的词;写段落没有一个无必要的句子。能用单词的不用词组;能用词组的不用从句或句子。如:in spite of the fact that he is lazy, i like him.本句的“the fact that he is lazy”系同谓语从句,我们按照上述“能用词组的不用从句”可以改为:in spite of his laziness, i like him.! f; u0 ^4 m" Y- c+ }
例. for the people who are diligent and kind, money is just the thing to be used to buy the thing they need., H+ R" M; e* o: }# A: r
剖析:整个句子可以大大简化。
- u) J3 ]: L" q' D5 w 改为:diligent, caring people use money only to buy what they need.6 Z2 R. Z, W; {4 |3 d- X
十. 不连贯(incoherence)7 w1 z5 ?' x$ s) f1 t$ Y! [ ~
不连贯是指一个句子前言不对后语,或是结构上不畅通。这也是考生常犯的毛病。
: R8 u b; h) R3 d- G; j: R 例. the fresh water, it is the most important things of the earth.5 ~5 G7 c: D) J4 K
剖析:the fresh water 与逗号后的it 不连贯。it 与things 在数方面不一致。9 o+ ?" w# ^& Z( B. N# L
改为:fresh water is the most important thing in the world. |