一. 不一致(disagreements)
2 |0 W# O' u2 ]( C 所谓不一致不光指主谓不一致,它还包括了数的不一致时态不一致及代词不一致等.* i; a4 w1 _! Z
例. when one have money ,he can do what he want to .
8 L5 {: k# P) R* `- G7 T7 {8 I (人一旦有了钱,他就能想干什么就干什么.). l m6 Y9 I' f* \
剖析:one是单数第三人称,因而本句的have应改为has ;同理,want应改为wants.本句是典型的主谓不一致.& z( |2 }( c( _2 |, R' ^/ l8 i; }
改为: once one has money ,he can do what he wants (to do)
5 C B3 F# e6 k/ u4 x. { }& A% m% e 二. 修饰语错位(misplaced modifiers)2 B% |3 | _$ c, _6 q1 \! B) D) t
英语与汉语不同,同一个修饰语置于句子不同的位置,句子的含义可能引起变化.对于这一点中国学生往往没有引起足够的重视,因而造成了不必要的误解。' S& p% d4 `8 ]
例. i believe i can do it well and i will better know the world outside the campus.7 Q/ F2 `4 z# h, p6 E
剖析:better位置不当,应置于句末.
- ]0 h7 W- j0 T0 M 三. 句子不完整(sentence fragments) |: ?' Y1 A- t7 X9 U/ @
在口语中,交际双方可借助手势语气上下文等,不完整的句子完全可以被理解.可是书面语就不同了,句子结构不完整会令意思表达不清,这种情况常常发生在主句写完以后,笔者又想加些补充说明时发生.( ]( X6 ~6 }- N. k+ s, i
例. there are many ways to know the society. for example by TV,radio ,newspaper and so on ." Q7 z9 N# F* d3 h4 r7 m
剖析:本句后半部分"for example by tv ,radio ,newspaper and so on .”不是一个完整的句子,仅为一些不连贯的词语,不能独立成句.
. a5 ]9 f. W5 M5 e 改为:there are many ways to know society ,for example ,by tv ,radio ,and newspaper.
+ ~! v7 Z- C4 }" h8 {4 t5 K 四. 悬垂修饰语(dangling modifiers)" V5 M y' h$ g. y, M0 T
所谓悬垂修饰语是指句首的短语与后面句子的逻辑关系混乱不清.
3 A$ B( o! f4 B4 |1 ]$ @& U! J 例1:at the age of ten, my grandfather died. 这句中"at the age of ten"只点出十岁时,但没有说明” 谁”十岁时.按一般推理不可能是my grandfather, 如果我们把这个悬垂修饰语改明确一点,全句就不那么费解了.
j# z. d% @4 [/ ] 改为:when i was ten, my grandfather died.
; z% S/ F# u6 K6 {: d& G5 g# x 例2.to do well in college, good grades are essential.
& K* M+ q( F4 [2 t) K 剖析:句中不定式短语 “to do well in college” 的逻辑主语不清楚.
0 g$ N' s- s) c5 H3 H" H. { 改为:to do well in college, a student needs good grades.
7 b# Q" l; c$ X; A 五. 词性误用(misuse of parts of speech)
1 n4 I6 s0 x; B* D& S0 A& S “词性误用”常表现为:介词当动词用;形容词当副词用;名词当动词用等.
, S x) _& M) p1 C. U 例.none can negative the importance of money.8 d ?8 M# @( D# S9 q( u
剖析:negative 系形容词,误作动词。) D# Q" q# k0 t" \
改为:none can deny the importance of money.) O" o% W9 L" v, O) M4 r
六. 指代不清(ambiguous reference of pronouns)5 K, s0 N O; n
指代不清主要讲的是代词与被指代的人或物关系不清,或者先后所用的代词不一致。试看下面这一句:mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted her to be her bridesmaid.
- \( `: \0 _) l8 `' D (玛丽和我姐姐很要好,因为她要她做她的伴娘。)
- _3 \7 `# m: A8 e+ @ 读完上面这一句话?对象加以明确,意思就一目了然了。 c$ a& I$ J5 x. y/ t7 [
改为:mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted my sister to be her bridesmaid.
6 \* n! g$ \6 M* H/ g* s; C. ?+ I$ { 例. and we can also know the society by serving it yourself.) T2 n- C7 z! G. V+ q. m
剖析:句中人称代词we 和反身代词yourself指代不一致。3 Q# H3 {7 [. r7 \+ c& ]7 d
改为:we can also know society by serving it ourselves.' q3 L) E0 u, Q, t# H' M, t* G
七. 不间断句子(run-on sentences)9 ~: c, Q. U0 U) J$ x T
什么叫run-on sentence?请看下面的例句。
& H" g. I4 w& a; T1 W 例. there are many ways we get to know the outside world.
1 R F3 l$ t. f i2 A9 j5 t5 J 剖析:这个句子包含了两层完整的意思:“there are many ways.” 以及“we get to know the outside world.”。简单地把它们连在一起就不妥当了。
R0 H0 |5 d! B$ ^# s; V4 u 改为:there are many ways for us to learn about the outside world. 或:there are many ways through which we can become acquainted with the outside world
9 V" b; k. \# }2 z, ] 八. 措词毛病(troubles in diction)3 n4 y; v" I _3 F/ T. J! g
diction 是指在特定的句子中如何适当地选用词语的问题,囿于教学时间紧迫,教师平时在这方面花的时间往往极其有限,影响了学生在写作中没有养成良好的推敲,斟酌的习惯。他们往往随心所欲,拿来就用。所以作文中用词不当的错误比比皆是。
/ c8 l- }9 a8 V% r! T 例. the increasing use of chemical obstacles in agriculture also makes pollution.5 I* K% _% |7 Y8 q8 w x' V+ v
(农业方面化学物质使用的不断增加也造成了污染。)
3 V8 X' h' z, Z" x' O 剖析:显然,考生把obstacles“障碍”,“障碍物”误作substance“物质”了。另外“the increasing use (不断增加的使用)” 应改为“abusive use (滥用)”。; z" D8 q2 O5 L. a! s7 v6 W
改为:the abusive use of chemical substances in agriculture also causes/leads to pollution.
4 |7 k+ A# R0 N4 ? k 九. 累赘(redundancy)
7 T) ^) m$ V6 N$ E6 a, T 言以简洁为贵。写句子没有一个多余的词;写段落没有一个无必要的句子。能用单词的不用词组;能用词组的不用从句或句子。如:in spite of the fact that he is lazy, i like him.本句的“the fact that he is lazy”系同谓语从句,我们按照上述“能用词组的不用从句”可以改为:in spite of his laziness, i like him.
0 M5 x' @6 f" ] 例. for the people who are diligent and kind, money is just the thing to be used to buy the thing they need./ g) d" ]- K3 p
剖析:整个句子可以大大简化。, Y+ g& ~2 S% _$ [9 R. [9 B
改为:diligent, caring people use money only to buy what they need.
* M' i- x6 K, P/ s 十. 不连贯(incoherence)3 l3 m3 J" b+ g
不连贯是指一个句子前言不对后语,或是结构上不畅通。这也是考生常犯的毛病。- g: v) h& i( P3 p! i: F
例. the fresh water, it is the most important things of the earth.
8 |* l% @8 |, w8 D. m8 O" D 剖析:the fresh water 与逗号后的it 不连贯。it 与things 在数方面不一致。
, G2 a ^8 Q8 H& O 改为:fresh water is the most important thing in the world. |