一. 不一致(Disagreements) 所谓不一致不光指主谓不一致,它还包括了数的不一致时态不一致及代词不一致等。+ k7 @* Z& [* _7 M h
例1. When one have money ,he can do what he want to 。
8 K6 {! h" R8 }/ Z% }- M (人一旦有了钱,他就能想干什么就干什么。)
) G" r! X2 g, ]" @; ] 剖析:one是单数第三人称,因而本句的have应改为has ;同理,want应改为wants。本句是典型的主谓不一致。8 X: q$ Y9 p* f0 A, ~( t4 n4 b# y
改为:Once one has money ,he can do what he wants (to do)1 w7 i# g/ |+ E$ F
二. 修饰语错位(Misplaced Modifiers); C) q' p- F3 @; i
英语与汉语不同,同一个修饰语置于句子不同的位置,句子的含义可能引起变化。对于这一点中国学生往往没有引起足够的重视,因而造成了不必要的误解。例1. I believe I can do it well and I will better know the world outside the campus。0 |. U @% m! G0 I% E1 \
剖析:better位置不当,应置于句末。
6 c) ]3 D# {' a0 B. Y8 @( d$ A. k, j 三. 句子不完整(Sentence Fragments)
# ?, k% U9 Y4 Q* F) V6 l- j, L. j6 h 在口语中,交际双方可借助手势语气上下文等,不完整的句子完全可以被理解。可是书面语就不同了,句子结构不完整会令意思表达不清,这种情况常常发生在主句写完以后,笔者又想加些补充说明时发生。
, M( `1 B; ^0 h5 Y; Z3 [ 例1. There are many ways to know the society. For example by TV ,radio ,newspaper and so on 。( R8 M( [/ B6 S5 C6 }
剖析:本句后半部分"for example by TV ,radio ,newspaper and so on 。”不是一个完整的句子,仅为一些不连贯的词语,不能独立成句。( _' O, P4 O) L9 Q* u7 e i- A& p
改为:There are many ways to know society ,for example ,by TV ,radio ,and newspaper。/ G+ b4 [+ `0 I4 B
四. 悬垂修饰语(Dangling Modifiers) h, x/ ]# u0 h. x0 U; u
所谓悬垂修饰语是指句首的短语与后面句子的逻辑关系混乱不清。例如:At the age of ten, my grandfather died. 这句中"at the age of ten"只点出十岁时,但没有说明” 谁”十岁时。按一般推理不可能是my grandfather, 如果我们把这个悬垂修饰语改明确一点,全句就不那么费解了。
6 q6 X; h1 l+ W3 `: F 改为:
* ?; p- ]. J. W" i/ ?$ E When I was ten, my grandfather died。
& F" P5 _0 U0 Z2 y 例1. To do well in college, good grades are essential。
4 y* F; p6 [: N. o; Q 剖析:句中不定式短语 “to do well in college” 的逻辑主语不清楚。
# Q( g. U0 P E2 L0 b 改为:, R. l5 Z! u$ q. ~* D( E8 c
To do well in college, a student needs good grades。7 E, ?" g6 l0 Q$ |+ T
五. 词性误用(Misuse of Parts of Speech)
/ E; k' k( N5 i: ~ “词性误用”常表现为:介词当动词用;形容词当副词用;名词当动词用等。
' }8 J8 S$ z* {+ x9 z- _; v( C 例1. None can negative the importance of money。/ }& O: @ Z6 R& e5 ^
剖析:negative 系形容词,误作动词。! ]7 x/ F# T" h$ ~5 B0 ?6 J0 h- \
改为:
) b& K w# M2 k" {6 R None can deny the importance of money。
9 l5 z" g) a9 c3 _$ _ 六. 指代不清(Ambiguous Reference of Pronouns); N4 c' {4 J1 R- R
指代不清主要讲的是代词与被指代的人或物关系不清,或者先后所用的代词不一致。试看下面这一句:5 T p4 m1 w3 z0 x9 t0 v/ x
Mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted her to be her bridesmaid。9 X( D7 {0 S- I5 I8 S
(玛丽和我姐姐很要好,因为她要她做她的伴娘。)
- j0 k$ m) J- {* z" q' J# U 读完上面这一句话,读者无法明确地判断两位姑娘中谁将结婚,谁将当伴娘。如果我们把易于引起误解的代词的所指对象加以明确,意思就一目了然了。这个句子可改为: V# I5 r( O) O, V
Mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted my sister to be her bridesmaid。
- \, S; U; K' P4 P; X 例1. And we can also know the society by serving it yourself。! e, V, ]' H. {$ E( d ~
剖析:句中人称代词we 和反身代词yourself指代不一致。改为:" c7 }0 j( d1 _; p2 z2 q( U, y- Z
We can also know society by serving it ourselves。3 g# g. W1 }& i6 Q+ g2 K
七. 不间断句子(Run-on Sentences)
" n1 Y! w# w- A' Q. R' ^/ s 什么叫run-on sentence?请看下面的例句。; `% t1 O, o: G9 F3 x3 x
例1. There are many ways we get to know the outside world。
% r$ \# V2 E3 R* n& ^$ f/ ] 剖析:这个句子包含了两层完整的意思:“There are many ways。” 以及“We get to know the outside world。”。简单地把它们连在一起就不妥当了。
, ~+ _. F/ K1 L7 L 改为:! R( H: U$ l z1 K) M
There are many ways for us to learn about the outside world. 或:; ` G% @7 t6 V7 q7 J- B
There are many ways through which we can become acquainted with the outside world。
1 z( q0 I9 A4 X- y; i( A. Y r 八. 措词毛病(Troubles in Diction)
9 [, V1 d9 ^8 B% e. ~5 n- a. x% a Diction 是指在特定的句子中如何适当地选用词语的问题,囿于教学时间紧迫,教师平时在这方面花的时间往往极其有限,影响了学生在写作中没有养成良好的推敲,斟酌的习惯。他们往往随心所欲,拿来就用。所以作文中用词不当的错误比比皆是。 |