一. 不一致(Disagreements) 所谓不一致不光指主谓不一致,它还包括了数的不一致时态不一致及代词不一致等。
- X: y$ X' [. \: l 例1. When one have money ,he can do what he want to 。$ @2 q. V6 S% b1 t8 W2 H6 x
(人一旦有了钱,他就能想干什么就干什么。)
! g0 E% }1 d+ r+ o/ f# G 剖析:one是单数第三人称,因而本句的have应改为has ;同理,want应改为wants。本句是典型的主谓不一致。3 d: j+ K. O% v" p
改为:Once one has money ,he can do what he wants (to do)
" m+ C: l. T% G1 n 二. 修饰语错位(Misplaced Modifiers)9 Y% |6 `0 G6 Y# t* k
英语与汉语不同,同一个修饰语置于句子不同的位置,句子的含义可能引起变化。对于这一点中国学生往往没有引起足够的重视,因而造成了不必要的误解。例1. I believe I can do it well and I will better know the world outside the campus。
+ W5 C( I1 s& T: Y* V 剖析:better位置不当,应置于句末。, h+ f' E- e& J$ @
三. 句子不完整(Sentence Fragments)8 O8 t r9 {. Z2 [2 y
在口语中,交际双方可借助手势语气上下文等,不完整的句子完全可以被理解。可是书面语就不同了,句子结构不完整会令意思表达不清,这种情况常常发生在主句写完以后,笔者又想加些补充说明时发生。
% U9 w2 n- W4 x0 \3 \4 t1 i( b 例1. There are many ways to know the society. For example by TV ,radio ,newspaper and so on 。
+ W/ I" p+ j, f 剖析:本句后半部分"for example by TV ,radio ,newspaper and so on 。”不是一个完整的句子,仅为一些不连贯的词语,不能独立成句。; x" {# L/ R( L
改为:There are many ways to know society ,for example ,by TV ,radio ,and newspaper。
* D- ]+ ?: }2 Q; X0 C9 Z4 L 四. 悬垂修饰语(Dangling Modifiers)
+ b) c' ]; Q% X1 u9 V: Y 所谓悬垂修饰语是指句首的短语与后面句子的逻辑关系混乱不清。例如:At the age of ten, my grandfather died. 这句中"at the age of ten"只点出十岁时,但没有说明” 谁”十岁时。按一般推理不可能是my grandfather, 如果我们把这个悬垂修饰语改明确一点,全句就不那么费解了。6 N4 Q% U/ D/ ]6 u( T5 Q# T
改为:
% Y. V, L1 r1 T. R4 E! O- `- z When I was ten, my grandfather died。" d$ U9 \+ [# U5 ]
例1. To do well in college, good grades are essential。
6 g) w: S1 \5 T% {" X) m- W1 I 剖析:句中不定式短语 “to do well in college” 的逻辑主语不清楚。
+ z. i% K4 t& U 改为:
- {$ t1 W; {7 d! L3 @$ y8 e! s% W; b To do well in college, a student needs good grades。& i1 u. J, T: W- j# ?5 u( S
五. 词性误用(Misuse of Parts of Speech)+ h3 L: d1 T8 j. \2 q' f
“词性误用”常表现为:介词当动词用;形容词当副词用;名词当动词用等。
8 | t& h" x I" X 例1. None can negative the importance of money。
8 S; R7 u4 f- a5 b 剖析:negative 系形容词,误作动词。
W" Q6 F! z- Q/ M! t& w! }3 P 改为:3 Z& z2 e6 y8 E7 V. H6 H, b
None can deny the importance of money。1 K2 R4 ]8 r5 b2 ^8 X* k+ n
六. 指代不清(Ambiguous Reference of Pronouns)* e/ R5 Z6 K8 z$ w; _1 N5 }
指代不清主要讲的是代词与被指代的人或物关系不清,或者先后所用的代词不一致。试看下面这一句:, G$ v: s3 T3 _5 d$ C: |6 v( Q% b
Mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted her to be her bridesmaid。) ^5 W8 [7 l( x B$ }
(玛丽和我姐姐很要好,因为她要她做她的伴娘。)
7 G% U8 c; H$ s7 B4 G 读完上面这一句话,读者无法明确地判断两位姑娘中谁将结婚,谁将当伴娘。如果我们把易于引起误解的代词的所指对象加以明确,意思就一目了然了。这个句子可改为:6 t3 I5 u, v+ f7 Z2 e% S
Mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted my sister to be her bridesmaid。
; l, X" B& z i* c 例1. And we can also know the society by serving it yourself。" A1 M, ~- C& q+ Y
剖析:句中人称代词we 和反身代词yourself指代不一致。改为:
, ]$ ~' c& Q' t9 P7 @9 u We can also know society by serving it ourselves。# R" ~/ R" k8 ~
七. 不间断句子(Run-on Sentences)
1 E S. H B! r, J& E% r. n 什么叫run-on sentence?请看下面的例句。* e6 V, Q1 f2 R/ k: }
例1. There are many ways we get to know the outside world。
& M" ~3 `. U/ Q2 Y 剖析:这个句子包含了两层完整的意思:“There are many ways。” 以及“We get to know the outside world。”。简单地把它们连在一起就不妥当了。
% R$ ~. V% e* J" a) K( E- C 改为:
; p8 a3 ~- N6 x' H i) p% x! m There are many ways for us to learn about the outside world. 或:% {! g7 j8 ]! D% e2 w4 t
There are many ways through which we can become acquainted with the outside world。5 Z2 ~$ I( k) `* c! v
八. 措词毛病(Troubles in Diction)
! ^$ r- Q0 t. {5 s Diction 是指在特定的句子中如何适当地选用词语的问题,囿于教学时间紧迫,教师平时在这方面花的时间往往极其有限,影响了学生在写作中没有养成良好的推敲,斟酌的习惯。他们往往随心所欲,拿来就用。所以作文中用词不当的错误比比皆是。 |