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¡¡¡¡40. It was the split of eleven southern states from the Union in 1861 that leading! Q$ m6 T* x. e
¡¡¡¡A B C D
! \1 l' e8 }/ ?# n6 `4 m5 l3 U¡¡¡¡to the Civil War in the United States.. d$ }6 O- K5 Y+ G7 H
¡¡¡¡Section Three: Reading Comprehension
0 B- s3 `8 Z$ r+ N/ x+ q2 ^( W¡¡¡¡Questions 1-9
3 p! v$ e2 @, N) S¡¡¡¡In 1903 the members of the governing board of the University of Washington. in
8 c! j/ }6 O' |; C# f6 ~¡¡¡¡Seattle. engaged a firm of landscape architects, specialists in the design of outdoor1 I" W& ?4 H: G5 S1 s" E
¡¡¡¡environments--OImsted Brothers of Brookline, Massachusetts-to advise them on an+ ?$ h% s z/ ]8 `& y
¡¡¡¡Line appropriate layout for the university grounds. The plan impressed the university officials,
; G [9 ?7 d; _# d# J¡¡¡¡(5) and in time many of its recommendations were implemented. City officials in Seattle, the
$ ?8 ?3 V$ J. l9 _3 y3 U5 U: W8 {¡¡¡¡largest city in the northwestern United States, were also impressed, for they employed the
. z' w# z( @' u% P¡¡¡¡same organization to study Seattle's public park needs. John Olmsted did the investigation1 ]" Q7 S0 I. s
¡¡¡¡and subsequent report on Seattle's parks. He and his brothers believed that parks should
* c6 q" }3 P3 K6 l2 h6 h& J¡¡¡¡be adapted to the local topography, utilize the area's trees and shrubs, and be available to
( ]' ?' t& b9 B# ^! P¡¡¡¡(10) the entire community. They especially emphasized the need for natural, serene settings
8 m L) _& o% H/ t5 ?¡¡¡¡where hurried urban dwellers could periodically escape from the city. The essence of the* X3 o" [- g5 S( E2 B
¡¡¡¡Olmsted park plan was to develop a continuous driveway, twenty miles long, that would
" ]% ]" N4 B$ b! S1 G6 ~¡¡¡¡tie together a whole series of parks, playgrounds, and parkways. There would be local
& U- y! ]3 S0 ^$ x¡¡¡¡parks and squares, too, but all of this was meant to supplement the major driveway,2 | ~' z7 e4 w7 y) m- g/ y
¡¡¡¡(15) which was to remain the unifying factor for the entire system.
$ a- q' ?$ o, ^/ t5 `3 Q- S3 [2 N¡¡¡¡In November of 1903 the city council of Seattle adopted the Olmsted Report, and
! B% I ]) Y9 W% b0 g¡¡¡¡it automatically became the master plan for the city's park system. Prior to this report,% H S0 |- ^7 u+ U
¡¡¡¡Seattle's park development was very limited and funding meager. All this changed, E9 @, c/ }! H6 l) ^( o! e# s9 G
¡¡¡¡after the report. Between 1907 and 1913, city voters approved special funding measures
^- k% @, x! U0 [; N+ Y¡¡¡¡(20) amounting to $4,000,000. With such unparalleled sums at their disposal, with the Olmsted
X' K3 A7 d2 }. y s* d¡¡¡¡guidelines to follow, and with the added incentive of wanting to have the city at its best
5 y4 X1 H* b4 s! I! X' d" N4 U* [/ h¡¡¡¡for the Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition of 1909, the Parks Board bought aggressively.
0 T0 K, _ v8 Q* F/ S. w¡¡¡¡By 1913 Seattle had 25 parks amounting to 1,400 acres, as well as 400 acres in
5 w9 N8 a) Y D: d/ q; p¡¡¡¡playgrounds, pathways, boulevards, and triangles. More lands would be added in the
( c2 M) @- M4 q' |! w9 \7 P¡¡¡¡(25) future, but for all practical purposes it was the great land surge of 1907-1913 that
}+ {7 g$ H6 a- i8 k¡¡¡¡established Seattle's park system.+ N* c: N: W4 d6 \3 X+ w5 Q4 r1 V
¡¡¡¡1. What does the passage mainly discuss?6 N/ p3 n- P4 E7 t9 V5 _ |0 p
¡¡¡¡(A) The planned development of Seattle's public park system
$ K3 C6 g5 Z+ I¡¡¡¡(B) The organization of the Seattle city government8 X# K+ c' {" f$ ~
¡¡¡¡(C) The history of the OImsted Brothers architectural firm
/ i! ?3 c3 P4 D' d¡¡¡¡(D) The design and building of the University of Washington campus& V; p$ L% f( ?( |
¡¡¡¡2. The word "engaged" in line 2 is closest in meaning to( P+ c2 ~. W2 A- Q0 J8 U3 M" u! _: s
¡¡¡¡(A) trained
& j: X+ F. w5 ~& W# O¡¡¡¡(B) hired. X) j6 u# ^3 o: T& c/ x! e
¡¡¡¡(C) described7 A5 ^/ o1 [4 T
¡¡¡¡(D) evaluated/ D+ _# a- _9 ^" d2 u X5 U
¡¡¡¡3. The word "subsequent" in line 8 is closest in meaning to
3 @" I. r2 g$ x# c* N. z¡¡¡¡(A) complicated6 q' x( N! E/ C' o0 s
¡¡¡¡(B) alternate
0 W) J9 ]* S P* a: P; o, ]¡¡¡¡(C) later
+ M5 d% c! L" [! R; ^¡¡¡¡(D) detailed+ C$ q! k L( I9 S& k/ K K
¡¡¡¡4. Which of the following statements about parks does NOT reflect the views of the Olmsted Brothers firm?8 R2 P- x" H7 V0 C6 B1 m0 c
¡¡¡¡(A) They should be planted with trees that grow locally.
; D) l. s4 h% M t& _1 V¡¡¡¡(B) They should provide a quiet, restful environment.
( [# W& o2 L* ?¡¡¡¡(C) They should be protected by limiting the number of visitors from the community.
. h! K- L1 {( J4 r% \, A3 ~¡¡¡¡(D) They should be designed to conform to the topography of the area.
7 _( |& h4 \ Q- V( y3 g¡¡¡¡5. Why does the author mention "local parks and squares" in lines 13-14 when talking about the Olmsted plan?6 k- k2 l7 F( @
¡¡¡¡(A) To emphasize the difficulties facing adoption of the plan
% U# n% I& a$ J* ]4 W, N; N# G$ S; E9 @¡¡¡¡(B) To illustrate the comprehensive nature of the plan" R* s0 M: w2 ]1 I& Z
¡¡¡¡(C) To demonstrate an omission in the plan
$ K4 w1 c z+ l" h. z( ]6 D# s0 d¡¡¡¡(D) To describe Seattle's landscape prior to implementation of the plan) P# B A7 {7 ?0 ]' _+ @. d
¡¡¡¡6. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about how citizens of Seattle received the Olmsted Report?% G( V0 \! ^4 n2 D: n8 k: m! b0 D: c
¡¡¡¡(A) They were hostile to the report's conclusions.
' I& m0 }* P0 p. f¡¡¡¡(B) They ignored the Olmsteds' findings.7 g4 I1 v0 t) t; J
¡¡¡¡(C) They supported the Olmsteds' plans.) x- R( o4 V) ~( \2 X! K% F" E& ^7 y
¡¡¡¡(D) They favored the city council's seeking advice from another firm.5 e/ M, ?+ J4 q6 E0 ?9 z
¡¡¡¡7. According to the passage, when was the Olmsted Report officially accepted as the master plan for the Seattle public park system?+ m/ B; i2 s; o9 }) V
¡¡¡¡(A) 19039 F- S! n* f; }$ w2 m3 ]& m
¡¡¡¡(B) 1907 [! ^0 J) P/ H+ n' u( c
¡¡¡¡(C) 1909
; G2 q; w1 D; Q¡¡¡¡(D) 1913! r' O! p% L+ a- j) |7 x
¡¡¡¡8. The word "sums" in line 20 is closest in meaning to
' j- q4 H: B9 P' W' q. \5 t4 V¡¡¡¡(A) problems
$ B4 M; }" J/ }¡¡¡¡(B) amounts
# \- \. }) s2 k¡¡¡¡(C) services' @8 D! P+ x( z( c/ P$ t
¡¡¡¡(D) debts# _4 R, U) H. ~1 K- l; n. q
¡¡¡¡9. According to the passage, which of the following was most directly influenced by the Alaska-Yukon- Pacific Exposition?
4 X4 P) m" ?- [1 N8 X. H' c4 D¡¡¡¡(A) The University of Washington
# ?$ }5 C- O0 `$ F) T g¡¡¡¡(B) Brookline, Massachusetts
3 Z/ R5 @( b* E3 u¡¡¡¡(C) The mayor of Seattle/ }! R" D, Z5 m! C
¡¡¡¡(D) The Seattle Parks Board
9 B5 e- f0 W% u3 W, K, i/ k¡¡¡¡Questions 10-19
8 v# U' U7 ? `* \¡¡¡¡No two comets ever look identical, but they have basic features in common, one of the$ z# \/ J/ z" i, T3 s% v% T
¡¡¡¡most obvious of which is a coma. A coma looks like a misty, patch of light with one or more0 }0 s$ Z2 B0 R% E( H% E
¡¡¡¡tails often streaming from it in the direction away from the Sun.
& ]* j0 i. G$ ~& x ~; }¡¡¡¡Line At the heart of a comet's coma lies a nucleus of solid material, typically no more than
- f& B' |4 A5 Q5 h¡¡¡¡(5) 10 kilometers across. The visible coma is a huge cloud of gas and dust that has escaped
8 H- Q/ i/ ?' d7 c¡¡¡¡from the nucleus, which it then surrounds like an extended atmosphere. The coma can extend
1 ^1 _& T* O! }- D! v% c2 ~¡¡¡¡as far as a million kilometers outward from the nucleus. Around the coma there is often an
; L- o$ L0 e M/ O¡¡¡¡even larger invisible envelope of hydrogen gas.8 p( Q$ m/ n& ?1 D6 |
¡¡¡¡The most graphic proof that the grand spectacle of a comet develops from a relatively* F/ m. }, D0 n, X
¡¡¡¡(10) small and inconspicuous chunk of ice and dust was the close-up image obtained in 1986 by
/ a: {! Q) q# e4 Y3 g¡¡¡¡the European Giotto probe of the nucleus of Halley's Comet. It turned out to be a bit like a1 q% B8 } T z& n8 t
¡¡¡¡very dark asteroid, measuring 16 by 8 kilometers. Ices have evaporated from its outer layers! g- W5 C6 C R x, r
¡¡¡¡to leave a crust of nearly black dust all over the surface. Bright jets of gas from evaporating
. M! K! j6 ^8 r/ Z Q" c! C* q¡¡¡¡ice burst out on the side facing the Sun, where the surface gets heated up, carrying dust
( E j+ x% s" e, C3 t) S¡¡¡¡(15) with them. This is how the coma and the tails are created.$ {- o8 l- K& ?5 H5 L9 e1 L
¡¡¡¡Comets grow tails only when they get warm enough for ice and dust to boil off. As a) T- r. p! v- N. E
¡¡¡¡comet's orbit brings it closer to the Sun, first the coma grows, then two distinct tails usually3 c8 ^" v2 i( X5 ?# T0 B7 A2 r
¡¡¡¡form. One, the less common kind, contains electrically charged (i.e., ionized) atoms of gas,
4 z* _" | R2 i o¡¡¡¡which are blown off directly in the direction away from the Sun by the magnetic field of3 ^& v1 H3 k4 M+ ]) t: F$ z
¡¡¡¡(20) the solar wind. The other tail is made of neutral dust particles, which get gently pushed back
; I# }7 L- Y& }( S; V3 ~, ]¡¡¡¡by the pressure of the sunlight itself. Unlike the ion tail, which is straight, the dust tail. z* M7 ^, \5 z: G8 X
¡¡¡¡becomes curved as the particles follow their own orbits around the Sun.
) V: O% u* u5 H¡¡¡¡I0. The passage focuses on comets primarily in terms of their
) T. D; x; b& J+ z¡¡¡¡(A) orbital patterns
8 u8 I% q/ V9 e) X) r( y2 H0 e# L¡¡¡¡(B) coma and tails
& ~# c$ A) B: s¡¡¡¡(C) brightness! J( b$ ?/ P1 k& l8 g
¡¡¡¡(D) size
0 w2 _) b& y& R: i; V* |¡¡¡¡11. The word "identical" in line I is closest in meaning to
* X+ {% u1 i0 D. N- A1 j¡¡¡¡(A) equally fast9 |, N# d& X' o9 [3 a+ x
¡¡¡¡(B) exactly alike
2 g+ L5 h- F- N4 v/ Y1 y, D¡¡¡¡(C) near each other
; M- {8 V5 t* h( y¡¡¡¡(D) invisible1 N/ {8 S. {! Q: e2 @
¡¡¡¡12. The word "heart" in line 4 is closest in meaning to
( q" M0 k `9 |9 |# E+ C¡¡¡¡(A) center4 y1 I# e8 D. |* n0 O
¡¡¡¡(B) edge
$ s) h0 @/ c* v& N6 ^2 x¡¡¡¡(C) tail
4 i. ~9 O& I9 k$ L( w3 W2 h' J¡¡¡¡(D) beginning1 G8 u' C5 T/ ?
¡¡¡¡13. Why does the author mention the Giotto probe in paragraph 3?
+ p# X( G! Z8 I. K¡¡¡¡(A) It had a relatively small and inconspicuous nucleus.- p: B( H0 Y- y: a
¡¡¡¡(B) It was very similar to an asteroid.
5 }2 Z3 X/ Q7 c& `# P( ^¡¡¡¡(C) It was covered with an unusual black dust.
; w7 e0 E" Q: j1 I! q& Z F¡¡¡¡(D) It provided visual evidence of the makeup of a comet's nucleus./ T: b2 Q, w; U3 j+ L& W8 k
¡¡¡¡14. It can be inferred from the passage that the nucleus of a comet is made up of0 Z" }5 u- W/ c) X5 c/ O- h5 r2 m6 w n
¡¡¡¡(A) dust and gas' }) v9 X& i# j* d0 y5 i% t
¡¡¡¡(B) ice and dust2 a" Y! K$ K( x2 T0 p9 _* X9 t
¡¡¡¡(C) hydrogen gas0 n3 @: V; P4 D' X% U6 J
¡¡¡¡(D) electrically charged atoms4 g" L4 e! z4 ^3 E: K6 t
¡¡¡¡15. The word "graphic" in line 9 is closest in meaning to
" V, Z5 `8 ]3 s+ u9 ?/ U¡¡¡¡(A) mathematical
) t+ Q. v) l4 R5 a¡¡¡¡(B) popular8 w- ?1 ]2 ?2 k( _- V' k, h3 S) H7 d
¡¡¡¡(C) unusual
; ~' m/ f* q6 W1 m+ ^! S G$ t¡¡¡¡(D) vivid [$ P0 m0 i# m3 F+ Y- z
¡¡¡¡16. Which of the following occurred as the ices from Halley's Comet evaporated?0 m- F+ k; _. L% T- c1 S8 f- X1 b
¡¡¡¡(A) Black dust was left on the comet's surface.% Y( E) A0 X- x
¡¡¡¡(B) The nucleus of the comet expanded.
+ n9 h0 p$ c3 K. S! h¡¡¡¡(C) The tail of the comet straightened out.
% k% m* M t/ l _- f¡¡¡¡(D) Jets of gas caused the comet to increase its speed.' ~$ w+ A. _7 I$ ?, y& K
¡¡¡¡17. All of the following statements about the tails of comets are true EXCEPT:7 B6 e; v- \7 X7 J3 {
¡¡¡¡(A) They can contain electrically charged or neutral particles.1 L; ?1 D* M. F4 h# V. i
¡¡¡¡(B) They can be formed only when there is sufficient heat.
+ c ~, Z% S8 I4 b# B" h% c0 e& `¡¡¡¡(C) They are formed before the coma expands.
) G% A1 T. Q, t, D) W. j! p0 z, \. @$ q¡¡¡¡(D) They always point in the direction away from the Sun.
; P1 i" ` j2 f7 m9 Y; ?$ g1 G¡¡¡¡18. The word "distinct" in line 17 is closest in meaning to# k S0 w1 a' _: ^ G. b; H
¡¡¡¡(A) visible0 | s3 h/ `$ H; i2 T* n4 f
¡¡¡¡(B) gaseous! J. z( L A0 u
¡¡¡¡(C) separate4 v& ?8 x2 A% b8 y# p4 M
¡¡¡¡(D) new6 H& f" U: H1 O
¡¡¡¡19. Compared to the tail of electrically charged atoms, the tail of neutral dust particles is7 \5 G7 u1 \! q y- ^
¡¡¡¡relatively
. L0 l$ ^( C1 j1 ~8 y6 n' J# x1 L¡¡¡¡(A) long0 f/ ]- ~+ R' `; {6 v
¡¡¡¡(B) curved
, d4 U' _' C& O" Y- h¡¡¡¡(C) unpredictable/ E) w/ F/ [, A& p0 {0 x0 A) C
¡¡¡¡(D) bright
, m: ?4 l) g4 x! U* E! V: `. i¡¡¡¡Questions 20-29: D& n! `/ D4 Y7 H$ F
¡¡¡¡Many prehistoric people subsisted as hunters and gatherers. Undoubtedly, game
% R) Q; @( D: O& p7 N¡¡¡¡animals, including some very large species, provided major components of human diets.
: v# f& t- H' ^¡¡¡¡An important controversy centering on the question of human effects on prehistoric wildlife% \# i/ k3 P, t
¡¡¡¡Line concerns the sudden disappearance of so many species of large animals at or near the end4 F k) D; B0 n/ {" Y. c
¡¡¡¡(5) of the Pleistocene epoch. Most paleontologists suspect that abrupt changes in climate led) h: L) z; W: Y; \
¡¡¡¡to the mass extinctions. Others, however, have concluded that prehistoric people drove
/ o D5 V1 T I& b x8 T7 I6 X¡¡¡¡many of those species to extinction through overhunting. In their "Pleistocene overkill" O* F! A( P# l+ ^0 W3 K; _( g
¡¡¡¡hypothesis," they cite what seems to be a remarkable coincidence between the arrival of" d2 x( f6 i$ B/ R. x! ?4 c
¡¡¡¡prehistoric peoples in North and South America and the time during which mammoths,7 ? S0 G# P) E
¡¡¡¡(10) giant ground sloths, the giant bison, and numerous other large mammals became extinct.
! e5 W# F) ~* S$ b¡¡¡¡Perhaps the human species was driving others to extinction long before the dawn of history.
9 h4 r( |5 {; S¡¡¡¡Hunter-gatherers may have contributed to Pleistocene extinctions in more indirect
# j3 k1 V: J) o¡¡¡¡ways. Besides overhunting, at least three other kinds of effects have been suggested:
5 Z8 m! ?% \; z: Z" \; r+ r¡¡¡¡direct competition, imbalances between competing species of game animals, and early r& C( L: u6 a2 z; w
¡¡¡¡(15) agricultural practices. Direct competition may have brought about the demise of large
2 I& n* S' D+ x9 I- A¡¡¡¡carnivores such as the saber-toothed cats. These animals simply may have been unable$ R) w( q) Y& n3 Z
¡¡¡¡to compete with the increasingly sophisticated hunting skills of Pleistocene people., \' N; t/ R# O2 u' }# q K
¡¡¡¡Human hunters could have caused imbalances among game animals, leading to the
6 O1 T9 c9 n5 E, J6 s/ g: V. I¡¡¡¡extinctions of species less able to compete. When other predators such as the gray wolf( Q4 T3 x) Z" a
¡¡¡¡(20) prey upon large mammals, they generally take high proportions of each year s crop of9 T: B* r* F. O8 Q. w k. x* S
¡¡¡¡young. Some human hunters, in contrast, tend to take the various age-groups of large animals7 b' |$ @8 c( x# S! c# c
¡¡¡¡in proportion to their actual occurrence. If such hunters first competed with the larger3 x3 ^! S" I: G. k( _
¡¡¡¡predators and then replaced them. they may have allowed more young to survive each year,
4 f2 s! k9 s5 e: m¡¡¡¡gradually increasing the populations of favored species As these populations expanded,
9 S9 Y, l9 U, ]6 _0 E¡¡¡¡(25) they in turn may have competed with other game species for the same environmental niche,9 C- q5 ^- {2 F# B# j$ h/ @
¡¡¡¡forcing the less hunted species into extinction. This theory, suggests that human hunters
$ T8 H' n2 m, {( g0 X Z¡¡¡¡played an indirect role in Pleistocene extinctions by hunting one species more than another.
) }/ m% Z* B$ j/ E/ C) |1 c. h¡¡¡¡20. What does the passage mainly discuss?
& J# K4 z) V* ~" F' a) ?$ M! C¡¡¡¡(A) The effects of human activities on prehistoric wildlife% e1 |7 p9 O1 R2 _5 s2 ^
¡¡¡¡(B) The origins of the hunter-gatherer way of life0 @6 j" K" u, W, u
¡¡¡¡(C) The diets of large animals of the Pleistocene epoch; D0 P( f' i0 e) J, Q
¡¡¡¡(D) The change in climate at the end of the Pleistocene epoch
- N1 P o* g( e0 E4 B¡¡¡¡21. The word "Undoubtedly" in line I is closest in meaning to
. o3 Y5 o% f( K* s. i¡¡¡¡(A) occasionally
- }9 Q+ g, S7 w( ^; D {¡¡¡¡(B) unexpectedly0 d- `& V: h/ j9 |7 }, _
¡¡¡¡(C) previously
5 `4 X1 ~/ X8 }! N¡¡¡¡(D) certainly. @ [6 D2 @: `8 y9 j) J3 z! u2 }
¡¡¡¡22. The word "components" in line 2 is closest in meaning to0 ~& U- u0 H/ I, T4 o! G
¡¡¡¡(A) parts5 V3 L( C/ d8 {
¡¡¡¡(B) problems
2 N7 H1 I9 N( w& j! d( Y¡¡¡¡(C) changes
6 B+ J: F8 v& ] P. |¡¡¡¡(D) varieties
/ }5 N& e* M- M/ E/ a O¡¡¡¡23. Which of the following is mentioned as supporting the Pleistocene overkill
# w& k r6 \$ d. e# B+ ^+ j¡¡¡¡hypothesis?
/ u( E2 C6 V" N" X¡¡¡¡(A) Many of the animals that became extinct were quite large.
) R) N+ U" S/ |2 u5 A3 d( t) S¡¡¡¡(B) Humans migrated into certain regions around the time that major3 e# T7 v# `" S b' g( o( _
¡¡¡¡extinctions occurred.
3 j. P7 ~ p) U$ U3 G/ T¡¡¡¡(C) There is evidence that new species were arriving in areas inhabited by: I5 Z4 a2 d& m7 H" t: M( z
¡¡¡¡humans.2 M5 X: k# x: _8 s8 Z
¡¡¡¡(D) Humans began to keep and care for certain animals.
- o0 e. x% e$ [¡¡¡¡24. The word "Besides" in line 13 is closest in meaning to2 Y$ v- U0 a% {9 D
¡¡¡¡(A) caused by$ v9 `2 |, n) V0 C/ h$ M! G
¡¡¡¡(B) whereas
1 y* \; q- J d" j2 s6 x- ~# V, n¡¡¡¡(C) in addition to. Z& T1 [- h/ h/ X( f, w" w/ N
¡¡¡¡(D) in favor of
# Z/ S t+ S! P9 q! r: O3 Y¡¡¡¡25. The author mentions saber-toothed cats in line 16 as an example of a carnivore, ?/ \9 k, n- G5 g( u( z
¡¡¡¡that9 [+ ?/ Y8 \2 e) r0 y! d. r' X
¡¡¡¡(A) became extinct before the Pleistocene epoch
3 {4 v/ Z- e N7 @¡¡¡¡(B) was unusually large for its time
! q/ z% k- {: y. \¡¡¡¡(C) was not able to compete with humans) M+ z1 q6 } |$ r( a0 c' X
¡¡¡¡(D) caused the extinction of several species
( D7 f. c$ [3 s5 w, h) x+ a& y+ J¡¡¡¡26. The word "they" in line 20 refers to6 w: T, P/ Q) Z; Z5 ]( S& K
¡¡¡¡(A) human hunters
# ?8 U h: [6 @7 B! Y+ q& z¡¡¡¡(B) game animals
) A2 `+ P7 p* [7 } \' M¡¡¡¡(C) other predators/ c. Q& U w0 B* Z' x' ~. c
¡¡¡¡(D) large mammals6 v# x+ b g( \$ e9 ^, n t
¡¡¡¡27. According to the passage, what is one difference between the hunting done by
7 u z6 \4 a0 A. y% g¡¡¡¡some humans and the hunting done by gray wolves?4 l5 K. T' r2 T. w1 m% F; x
¡¡¡¡(A) Some humans hunt more frequently than gray wolves.4 I. r4 m+ o) o, }
¡¡¡¡(B) Gray wolves hunt in larger groups than some humans.% L6 ?$ q- R' m, K+ w" L
¡¡¡¡(C) Some humans can hunt larger animals than gray wolves can hunt.
- s1 b" Z. K3 w¡¡¡¡(D) Some humans prey on animals of all ages, but gray wolves concentrate
( Z; h+ J( D6 i0 J/ \- Q' B¡¡¡¡their efforts on young animals.
8 @1 T' `! P6 D% `¡¡¡¡28. The word "favored" in line 24 is closest in meaning to1 M7 H# V: `2 u6 U2 r: ~4 I( R+ M
¡¡¡¡(A) large
/ {9 ]9 u* r8 M! I, ?¡¡¡¡(B) escaping9 T# h# X& p. F
¡¡¡¡(C) preferred" q5 S" \9 m( m; u$ a n
¡¡¡¡(D) local
1 U- o/ S; w- F: W5 R; J, U¡¡¡¡29. According to the passage, the imbalances discussed in paragraph 3 may have
! s3 e6 D; T" D$ ]¡¡¡¡resulted from1 l' V9 F g# `2 d; E: |! ^
¡¡¡¡(A) the effect of climate changes on large game animals
7 e1 Z3 @/ j" ~6 ~6 s5 {¡¡¡¡(B) large animals moving into a new environment* j8 `( _8 F3 `( W+ I. @
¡¡¡¡(C) humans hunting some species more than others; r' {1 Q4 [6 M2 m
¡¡¡¡(D) older animals not being able to compete with younger animals! |8 M2 z4 b8 e4 K
¡¡¡¡Questions 30-39
, M2 D7 S- V8 u6 c8 I2 ?' j1 j, Y¡¡¡¡Tulips are Old World, rather than New World, plants, with the origins of the species% |/ Z2 a1 Q+ G8 u+ _- K
¡¡¡¡lying in Central Asia. They became an integral part of the gardens of the Ottoman Empire# L) i4 |2 W2 w, `: t7 e7 s
¡¡¡¡from the sixteenth century onward, and, soon after, part of European life as well. Holland,! Q4 Y* D! M- P! }' ?9 G0 z
¡¡¡¡Line in particular, became famous for its cultivation of the flower., r6 Q* R0 S7 ^4 q# y
¡¡¡¡(5) A tenuous line marked the advance of the tulip to the New World, where it was
' c" d( C: v5 R" T9 X y/ ]$ R, m¡¡¡¡unknown in the wild. The first Dutch colonies in North America had been established
& a: x& O+ c" c6 z) l" K9 _+ A¡¡¡¡in New Netherland by the Dutch West India Company in 1624, and one individual who8 J* d# A. E1 v
¡¡¡¡settled in New Amsterdam (today's Manhattan section of New York City) in 16429 H% c& e6 V9 ?3 d7 R
¡¡¡¡described the flowers that bravely colonized the settlers' gardens. They were the same) R) u2 `; B8 J
¡¡¡¡(10) flowers seen in Dutch still-life paintings of the time: crown imperials, roses, carnations,
/ N( b0 ^5 ?6 H* [¡¡¡¡and of course tulips. They flourished in Pennsylvania too, where in 1698 William Penn
; a$ N$ _2 b! t: g& w1 K6 _* w¡¡¡¡received a report of John Tateham's "Great and Stately Palace," its garden full of tulips.
' C5 B. t* e4 a' F( D: V, `¡¡¡¡By 1760, Boston newspapers were advertising 50 different kinds of mixed tulip "roots."4 e5 I1 h5 p! P5 p: F, O
¡¡¡¡But the length of the journey between Europe and North America created many0 d8 k1 s* B7 j. O% y8 J' M
¡¡¡¡(15) difficulties. Thomas Hancock, an English settler, wrote thanking his plant supplier for
) N4 ~& t" Z$ i+ g$ r! z¡¡¡¡a gift of some tulip bulbs from England, but his letter the following year grumbled that
; w- v) l9 u" a$ H' m/ y¡¡¡¡they were all dead.1 g3 v J) _" o. t3 Q8 @- u6 k
¡¡¡¡Tulips arrived in Holland, Michigan, with a later wave of early nineteenth-century; j% c0 O2 _6 P& G9 G# `/ P6 p' z
¡¡¡¡Dutch immigrants who quickly colonized the plains of Michigan. Together with many1 w1 e7 { k( @: A$ \ q# S
¡¡¡¡(20) other Dutch settlements, such as the one at Pella. Iowa, they established a regular demand" n4 L* p" @, ^7 n+ E& ]% c( b n
¡¡¡¡for European plants. The demand was bravely met by a new kind of tulip entrepreneur, the
o( g0 }; y. p) @0 H¡¡¡¡traveling salesperson. One Dutchman, Hendrick van der Schoot, spent six months in 18491 w6 {7 c4 O& N6 z: m) H. `& V
¡¡¡¡traveling through the United States taking orders for tulip bulbs. While tulip bulbs were! F! n' x( Y4 \$ X0 N# j
¡¡¡¡traveling from Europe to the United States to satisfy the nostalgic longings of homesick
. }6 M7 v3 F, Z3 C3 w+ @- S3 ]¡¡¡¡(25) English and Dutch settlers, North American plants were traveling in the opposite
& S: I p; m: Z! R& u¡¡¡¡direction. In England, the enthusiasm for American plants was one reason why tulips) C* [7 ^, w0 {$ j; A% Z
¡¡¡¡dropped out of fashion in the gardens of the rich and famous.
- Y' b. N7 D0 t$ L7 B¡¡¡¡30. Which of the following questions does the passage mainly answer?
& I' y) ~9 L, |" ?* g1 [2 W¡¡¡¡(A) What is the difference between an Old World and a New World plant?* W2 a8 ] w3 R* G" H
¡¡¡¡(B) Why are tulips grown in many different parts of the world?0 \% p9 w& [5 \" u/ g/ ^
¡¡¡¡(C) How did tulips become popular in North America?) e. k4 e6 c0 v; a" K# H
¡¡¡¡(D) Where were the first Dutch colonies in North America located?
8 o& V' j6 T; L¡¡¡¡31. The word "integral" in line 2 is closest in meaning to$ q& [6 {0 P$ f# C3 d
¡¡¡¡(A) interesting
1 E1 }7 z4 {4 L$ [# {) L3 M¡¡¡¡(B) fundamental+ v9 O+ m6 u2 m
¡¡¡¡(C) ornamental" V+ a1 ?: c4 C+ i. Q1 c' _- n% S
¡¡¡¡(D) overlooked/ `& g* X7 n$ l) @/ M; p; V
¡¡¡¡32. The passage mentions that tulips were first found in which of the following4 \/ Y. n9 O j+ U3 b; V
¡¡¡¡regions?2 @) A" F( h, W2 \: y& L4 C: j4 p
¡¡¡¡(A) Central Asia8 w! C& W) u) W( L I: O
¡¡¡¡(B) Western Europe. Y* e% U5 P7 q' S- Y+ W: R
¡¡¡¡(C) India
+ j, I" i& L4 f8 T¡¡¡¡(D) North America
# C8 S* S4 x; F. I+ [( E, n¡¡¡¡33. The word "flourished" in line 11 is closest in meaning to
/ j( X E( N3 {& v0 \! n¡¡¡¡(A) were discovered( K! ?" C( Z- [) M0 b
¡¡¡¡(B) were marketed
0 I3 H8 _8 r) q7 C¡¡¡¡(C) combined
% B9 Z- W5 g1 F, B! H& Y/ t& _¡¡¡¡(D) thrived6 A! Y3 Q' y* \" v$ O( {
¡¡¡¡34. The author mentions tulip growing in New Netherland. Pennsylvania. and' v. \9 i( p' s" N4 l8 T/ M; H' O% R
¡¡¡¡Michigan in order to illustrate how; n. j5 O4 Q1 d5 u+ Y( |0 z6 A
¡¡¡¡(A) imported tulips were considered more valuable than locally grown tulips% ?7 X, }$ r' B% r: k, G
¡¡¡¡(B) tulips were commonly passed as
5 I8 ^3 r7 A/ N" c ~! C" L, ]0 V¡¡¡¡gifts from one family to another
$ W7 g5 y" f/ B4 V! V¡¡¡¡(C) tulips grew progressively more* Q2 G6 J6 e0 E
¡¡¡¡popular in North America
; U P1 t$ @9 G3 k0 f3 J1 \3 W& e¡¡¡¡(D) attitudes toward tulips varied from e/ y" z/ U+ X4 w' \# u. [6 Z
¡¡¡¡one location to another
- W; D' a1 A/ ^( m2 P¡¡¡¡35. The word "grumbled" in line 16 is closest in meaning to) r J- C" R" x
¡¡¡¡(A) denied+ J8 C1 k, a* m
¡¡¡¡(B) warned' P3 t- f# ?* d
¡¡¡¡(C) complained& `; J- @0 X9 \( Z! _( l+ O
¡¡¡¡(D) explained5 d7 L O' O9 j1 ?% E8 |* d3 X
¡¡¡¡36. The passage mentions that one reason English and Dutch settlers planted tulips in6 I. f5 |. h6 M: a$ j- W
¡¡¡¡their gardens was that tulips
& |% y( I! e0 g¡¡¡¡(A) were easy to grow
' [- @; A; v: _4 w0 x! u¡¡¡¡(B) had become readily available! `" _- {, h n) N8 a8 v
¡¡¡¡(C) made them appear fashionable# n8 m& U% D: \6 q6 _% y6 ^
¡¡¡¡(D) reminded them of home
. n( L, H6 \3 K+ t/ c¡¡¡¡37. The word "they" in line 20 refers to
( } a2 o- V# u: l. h4 _8 g¡¡¡¡(A) tulips( c/ `4 q: J5 Q% u/ F- _
¡¡¡¡(B) plains- ?4 z0 m# u% X# d
¡¡¡¡(C) immigrants
% O% `- r& C1 |' K/ f¡¡¡¡(D) plants
M* c7 v9 C; j/ u: k¡¡¡¡38. According to the passage, which of the following changes occurred in English( w, }4 M* |# T. L/ `2 D/ d+ O9 h+ z
¡¡¡¡gardens during the European settlement of North America?
5 H! s$ v$ w1 _) Q* i6 y¡¡¡¡(A) They grew in size in order to provide enough plants to export to the New World., H3 P$ c5 ` }# `, J% @" q
¡¡¡¡(B) They contained a wider variety of tulips than ever before.
* U: A- t. D! E) e7 g¡¡¡¡(C) They contained many new types of North American plants.) F+ a/ V" `& i$ h( o
¡¡¡¡(D) They decreased in size on the estates of wealthy people.. Z) R3 N' n4 }! d" Z1 \
¡¡¡¡39. The passage mentions which of the following as a problem associated with the! u$ G1 u5 a2 P# W2 @0 R
¡¡¡¡importation of tulips into North America?8 M0 l# |- M9 O3 ]& \
¡¡¡¡(A) They were no longer fashionable by the time they arrived. v0 M# L6 j7 c# D
¡¡¡¡(B) They often failed to survive the journey.
: ]( ]) G- a9 E0 n5 x. Q& O2 z+ Q¡¡¡¡(C) Orders often took six months or longer to fill.
4 M, M( |) G- p9 ~. K v¡¡¡¡(D) Settlers knew little about how to cultivate them.) X, g N" @. q/ ?5 L+ _' h0 i$ {
¡¡¡¡Questions 40-50
, a b' ~$ C7 u/ C( p¡¡¡¡Pheromones are substances that serve as chemical signals between members of the
5 b: q. T* m5 L$ }- h¡¡¡¡same species. They are secreted to the outside of the body and cause other individuals( n/ p0 t& S& Z0 m( K
¡¡¡¡of the species to have specific reactions. Pheromones, which are sometimes called' D. }8 Q! Q. M8 `8 K
¡¡¡¡Line "social hormones," affect a group of individuals somewhat like hormones do an individual
8 e8 W7 E( w& u2 u2 F. D6 @: Z( _¡¡¡¡(5) animal. Pheromones are the predominant medium of communication among insects
( N$ [3 F4 n% w¡¡¡¡(but rarely the sole method). Some species have simple pheromone systems and produce" F) K9 D2 _$ b5 t) n+ N% l3 S) x& k
¡¡¡¡only a few pheromones, but others produce many with various functions. Pheromone5 M1 H6 I5 x/ e; v5 \2 B
¡¡¡¡systems are the most complex in some of the so-called social insects, insects that live+ k( D) i: Q! D# L( ?. o: v9 V
¡¡¡¡in organized groups.' M$ J0 m" }3 f, y: e+ G
¡¡¡¡(10) Chemical communication differs from that by sight or sound in several ways.
/ T9 S8 y' u4 k4 J7 w& a¡¡¡¡Transmission is relatively slow (the chemical signals are usually airborne), but the
0 @$ B* Q& Q4 r! C' o' x¡¡¡¡signal can be persistent, depending upon the volatility of the chemical, and is sometimes/ J5 g; b; u7 j L" `
¡¡¡¡effective over a very long range. Localization of the signal is generally poorer than
' y# q5 ]4 P- L9 A) s9 Z6 K+ L¡¡¡¡localization of a sound or visual stimulus and is usually effected by the animal's moving; _* Z( \$ z8 R3 V% F
¡¡¡¡(15) upwind in response to the stimulus. The ability to modulate a chemical signal is limited,
* V/ z( X* M9 ]% l4 V¡¡¡¡compared with communication by visual or acoustic means, but some pheromones may+ w" U' S8 w9 w5 O7 Z9 S
¡¡¡¡convey different meanings and consequently result in different behavioral or physiological( h3 Y9 P; |" V* ]0 X# U
¡¡¡¡responses, depending on their concentration or when presented in combination. The
0 q/ W0 ]1 k1 A: F- c2 M¡¡¡¡modulation of chemical signals occurs via the elaboration of the number of exocrine" N) T2 `' j- z2 z' ?4 Q
¡¡¡¡(20) glands that produce pheromones. Some species, such as ants, seem to be very articulate, y1 S* \: L' k t
¡¡¡¡creatures, but their medium of communication is difficult for humans to study and7 H# r" y! M y; A0 j7 O
¡¡¡¡appreciate because of our own olfactory, insensitivity and the technological difficulties
9 s1 a R$ K' C& z$ v¡¡¡¡in detecting and analyzing these pheromones.
( q2 \4 n8 X/ x# o4 ^¡¡¡¡Pheromones play numerous roles in the activities of insects. They may act as alarm, y( e: v c+ p+ A( B
¡¡¡¡(25) substances, play a role in individual and group recognition, serve as attractants between
- }6 D; s1 y7 g$ ^. K" E, I1 c¡¡¡¡sexes, mediate the formation of aggregations, identify foraging trails, and be involved in! G) s: E7 F. }1 J, y( B2 P
¡¡¡¡caste determination. For example, pheromones involved in caste determination include
' v$ X* _% s d6 x3 u& L¡¡¡¡the "queen substance" produced by queen honey bees. Aphids, which are particularly
0 p4 \9 X4 _" i¡¡¡¡vulnerable to predators because of their gregarious habits and sedentary nature, secrete) m' S/ F& Y' l% U) h
¡¡¡¡an alarm pheromone when attacked that causes nearby aphids to respond by moving away.5 L2 P" c* X/ F* W) w, j5 r. F, Z
¡¡¡¡40. What does the passage mainly discuss?% B. b2 d. {* j, s( H/ Z
¡¡¡¡(A) How insects use pheromones to communicate
2 H$ n/ r1 N% k- P9 S$ G0 ? n" h9 M¡¡¡¡(B) How pheromones are produced by insects
* Z9 _% L5 ~, [¡¡¡¡(C) Why analyzing insect pheromones is difficult$ M7 G) X5 c/ M" N- O
¡¡¡¡(D) The different uses of pheromones among various insect species
) M' }5 ^: ]- a, k¡¡¡¡41. The word "serve" in line I is closest in meaning to8 i& X* h6 J6 B7 f! N2 p$ d
¡¡¡¡(A) improve
! I6 g' a {! T, m \¡¡¡¡(B) function& I2 g `; ~6 h; j. M F [
¡¡¡¡(C) begin8 ]. q$ S+ ^) m
¡¡¡¡(D) rely( p/ a% S4 ?* A3 `: h' j+ Y
¡¡¡¡42. The purpose of the second mention of "hormones" in line 4 is to point out0 c6 P; i+ ^- h# x: D8 t
¡¡¡¡(A) chemical signals that are common among insects! R- L6 n$ @0 \
¡¡¡¡(B) specific responses of various species to chemical signals3 y! ?" ~4 T. T7 G' c! y
¡¡¡¡(C) similarities between two chemical substances1 i, i, Y. U1 ^2 P$ o' g. L2 x: ~
¡¡¡¡(D) how insects produce different chemical substances
/ g% S3 }) ^& a$ H¡¡¡¡43. The word "sole" in line 6 is closest in meaning to+ _3 x7 V8 W( k) }
¡¡¡¡(A) obvious
/ S4 P4 @7 q" v1 A¡¡¡¡(B) best! q; c6 v/ g: \, X/ [6 y
¡¡¡¡(C) only
# Y* E- s9 b) e2 m. k) s5 E¡¡¡¡(D) final u) l' }! j1 t6 `% a
¡¡¡¡44. The passage suggests that the speed at which communication through
( O- B; C& w; u2 @) X0 A6 S f$ p6 r¡¡¡¡pheromones occurs is dependent on how quickly they. j4 `4 z0 U: ^
¡¡¡¡(A) lose their effectiveness
, ~; y* j0 b) h4 Z% J% U¡¡¡¡(B) evaporate in the air
) v8 v) {" B$ r# J9 V0 e0 G, U¡¡¡¡(C) travel through the air7 B( ?3 s6 u. |$ A
¡¡¡¡(D) are produced by the body
7 {# `. W: m6 _+ {; g( k¡¡¡¡45. According to the passage, the meaning of a message communicated through a7 F2 e4 Z& d D; H% D5 C7 y
¡¡¡¡pheromone may vary when the
6 Z* k l5 d4 t5 y+ ? @; @¡¡¡¡(A) chemical structure of the pheromone is changed
7 E; u4 h1 E9 C2 _3 M$ l% s, G¡¡¡¡(B) pheromone is excreted while other pheromones are also being excreted; f4 T! A& ]0 c' M! h! n: |7 |
¡¡¡¡(C) exocrine glands do not produce the pheromone
9 g, }: H! ]! y: Z6 P4 M [¡¡¡¡(D) pheromone is released near certain specific organisms' {8 w; r% N2 G& o2 P @
¡¡¡¡46. The word "detecting" in line 23 is closest in meaning to" b' e' E' m/ m1 u' c7 s7 i
¡¡¡¡(A) controlling
9 _" u$ s7 w9 N Y! x% e¡¡¡¡(B) storing
% ~. l7 R, Y8 F w: D: O' o. ~¡¡¡¡(C) questioning* w9 b/ J, i# c8 ]6 G; Y' t
¡¡¡¡(D) finding g* j5 i3 L, U2 y
¡¡¡¡47. According to paragraph 2, which of the following has made the study of
1 e* V( C* R0 \' j9 B/ C¡¡¡¡pheromones difficult?/ N7 K: [" r1 H9 B- y
¡¡¡¡(A) Pheromones cannot be easily reproduced in chemical laboratories.8 o+ n9 K9 c/ W8 f2 W" j0 a
¡¡¡¡(B) Existing technology cannot fully explore the properties of pheromones.
. O) t9 q( q- z, A5 o7 }3 b+ Q¡¡¡¡(C) Pheromones are highly volatile.
7 R" Y6 o. N* x¡¡¡¡(D) Pheromone signals are constantly changing.
+ ^ D6 b' O$ \8 M% g¡¡¡¡48. The word "They" in line 24 refers to7 W, W7 \$ t- u; C6 s
¡¡¡¡(A) pheromones
+ A2 g4 S e: E L7 C! B¡¡¡¡(B) roles* }( k. C+ S, B8 c6 K) J
¡¡¡¡(C) activities
& X3 R, u) ?1 P8 f2 f¡¡¡¡(D) insects* Q$ @( H4 ^* H9 I" h' o( q. e
¡¡¡¡49. The word "sedentary" in line 29 is closest in meaning to
, I8 g, r. a# `0 S¡¡¡¡(A) inactive" W- a6 Y% v6 H4 A7 l& f- X; t- G7 K
¡¡¡¡(B) inefficient( y% {( X, c0 P: Q% ^# D
¡¡¡¡(C) unchangeable
2 M* q! u0 P E9 K¡¡¡¡(D) unbalanced
9 \* Y# J5 @. t0 `& n \) I+ _% t! }¡¡¡¡50. Pheromone systems are relatively complex in insects that
; L) v# T, ~9 H8 z% [% |2 f¡¡¡¡(A) also communicate using sight and sound# }1 {9 Z7 \" ^+ E+ p: g* B
¡¡¡¡(B) live underground
; m: {& R: Z) y- f¡¡¡¡(C) prey on other insects
$ ^' t, v- r* H t7 b! G¡¡¡¡(D) live in organized groups |
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