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/ d& M9 e) q0 C6 Q7 Q¡¡¡¡40. It was the split of eleven southern states from the Union in 1861 that leading/ u0 z5 W4 C, `
¡¡¡¡A B C D
) P- T. n' G, H( @; s% b+ T# ~) x¡¡¡¡to the Civil War in the United States.; F" o1 ]+ U$ F& ?, L7 a V
¡¡¡¡Section Three: Reading Comprehension
3 g8 c: ^; [7 Y+ j¡¡¡¡Questions 1-9. E$ ]7 t- s6 S3 X
¡¡¡¡In 1903 the members of the governing board of the University of Washington. in% _. U$ i, r1 O
¡¡¡¡Seattle. engaged a firm of landscape architects, specialists in the design of outdoor, J+ E. e1 M/ x% I, V# s# H; I
¡¡¡¡environments--OImsted Brothers of Brookline, Massachusetts-to advise them on an, d, E8 L# m/ j* _3 V" m y: X
¡¡¡¡Line appropriate layout for the university grounds. The plan impressed the university officials,% v. M9 H1 R) I7 ]+ t& m* T0 o5 D
¡¡¡¡(5) and in time many of its recommendations were implemented. City officials in Seattle, the
, r+ ~' T( w0 f$ g, K¡¡¡¡largest city in the northwestern United States, were also impressed, for they employed the# Z: X; g. {. U+ D- c' H
¡¡¡¡same organization to study Seattle's public park needs. John Olmsted did the investigation
/ g! d# C7 n* |¡¡¡¡and subsequent report on Seattle's parks. He and his brothers believed that parks should
5 U: I# b7 H" @; d8 I¡¡¡¡be adapted to the local topography, utilize the area's trees and shrubs, and be available to% {+ R+ _, w: I4 ?; M2 @
¡¡¡¡(10) the entire community. They especially emphasized the need for natural, serene settings
& m6 h. u" s; o1 S¡¡¡¡where hurried urban dwellers could periodically escape from the city. The essence of the' L2 r9 z8 M9 }- N# v
¡¡¡¡Olmsted park plan was to develop a continuous driveway, twenty miles long, that would
j0 ?: p0 I0 s& V+ @¡¡¡¡tie together a whole series of parks, playgrounds, and parkways. There would be local6 d2 d& g+ e: H2 u; C
¡¡¡¡parks and squares, too, but all of this was meant to supplement the major driveway,
8 m. V6 K9 T" l* h¡¡¡¡(15) which was to remain the unifying factor for the entire system.* t! _+ T% K! ~, ]# ?+ b" O
¡¡¡¡In November of 1903 the city council of Seattle adopted the Olmsted Report, and
- E+ B6 |" s/ t8 T" T¡¡¡¡it automatically became the master plan for the city's park system. Prior to this report,+ \3 h8 f( W$ q6 y0 N: D3 B
¡¡¡¡Seattle's park development was very limited and funding meager. All this changed
. T5 Q3 z0 Q. t, U9 d E+ B: V¡¡¡¡after the report. Between 1907 and 1913, city voters approved special funding measures; t$ k f- e, X4 q! x/ _1 g l( B
¡¡¡¡(20) amounting to $4,000,000. With such unparalleled sums at their disposal, with the Olmsted0 y0 r' t1 Z( J- d: n$ q9 a
¡¡¡¡guidelines to follow, and with the added incentive of wanting to have the city at its best! R$ S; U( Z: C! R
¡¡¡¡for the Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition of 1909, the Parks Board bought aggressively.6 }$ o) q! N6 b, h7 _. B7 Q" K H
¡¡¡¡By 1913 Seattle had 25 parks amounting to 1,400 acres, as well as 400 acres in
9 @" t6 u ~4 C: ^¡¡¡¡playgrounds, pathways, boulevards, and triangles. More lands would be added in the0 d( W8 l6 X9 l6 F7 M
¡¡¡¡(25) future, but for all practical purposes it was the great land surge of 1907-1913 that
$ g4 A( h8 F3 V" ~4 a¡¡¡¡established Seattle's park system.: i {5 |, X0 I& s+ B
¡¡¡¡1. What does the passage mainly discuss?
0 Q; m6 e; |! `; R; @' o¡¡¡¡(A) The planned development of Seattle's public park system, @1 G2 E a0 s p/ v
¡¡¡¡(B) The organization of the Seattle city government5 y A9 P& a1 d0 I' I5 G
¡¡¡¡(C) The history of the OImsted Brothers architectural firm" G. @. J% L4 B) d1 o4 a. Q7 \
¡¡¡¡(D) The design and building of the University of Washington campus
Q" A$ n5 i% {- X' v! X¡¡¡¡2. The word "engaged" in line 2 is closest in meaning to
. H& @ } j: x/ v6 x, i" K- V¡¡¡¡(A) trained
7 ]( l% t5 A1 { Q¡¡¡¡(B) hired1 D) A, i6 j" i& e5 e$ G
¡¡¡¡(C) described
8 ~7 v1 `* _! _8 M8 o) U¡¡¡¡(D) evaluated* W6 w) c* m+ X( J$ ]- Y/ w7 X
¡¡¡¡3. The word "subsequent" in line 8 is closest in meaning to
* V0 ]' |2 q3 {¡¡¡¡(A) complicated( j0 B, R ^7 ^7 W8 |" v
¡¡¡¡(B) alternate
- B5 o, Y6 g! @2 E7 ^* F¡¡¡¡(C) later6 j$ Y) f/ W9 v; A
¡¡¡¡(D) detailed
0 h7 D2 U5 G7 L3 c0 n9 K G; {¡¡¡¡4. Which of the following statements about parks does NOT reflect the views of the Olmsted Brothers firm?
: Z5 n# R% c3 V, y# u¡¡¡¡(A) They should be planted with trees that grow locally.
! ]6 ?. e+ Y2 ~) [4 N c3 f0 x¡¡¡¡(B) They should provide a quiet, restful environment.
- S' W3 y1 N5 n" t5 X) w7 b¡¡¡¡(C) They should be protected by limiting the number of visitors from the community.0 ]8 x$ |6 ?' @" `) _
¡¡¡¡(D) They should be designed to conform to the topography of the area.
6 c2 c1 o5 D1 D B+ @' U¡¡¡¡5. Why does the author mention "local parks and squares" in lines 13-14 when talking about the Olmsted plan?0 v" O& t4 J7 J
¡¡¡¡(A) To emphasize the difficulties facing adoption of the plan
G9 b. o) L7 G& J¡¡¡¡(B) To illustrate the comprehensive nature of the plan9 E% }: ?; b: M
¡¡¡¡(C) To demonstrate an omission in the plan& O4 |% t; E, M) K; g( }" v
¡¡¡¡(D) To describe Seattle's landscape prior to implementation of the plan5 a6 f G8 H" T3 j1 t
¡¡¡¡6. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about how citizens of Seattle received the Olmsted Report?% ?" q/ |' H, c! j2 j8 M" s; ]
¡¡¡¡(A) They were hostile to the report's conclusions.( f, _2 p) s1 k3 {0 `% z
¡¡¡¡(B) They ignored the Olmsteds' findings.0 m1 q M, V0 ^" P+ J0 R
¡¡¡¡(C) They supported the Olmsteds' plans.4 ]$ o: X/ `8 R8 g
¡¡¡¡(D) They favored the city council's seeking advice from another firm.* h, }6 ]9 V" H# w s
¡¡¡¡7. According to the passage, when was the Olmsted Report officially accepted as the master plan for the Seattle public park system?
7 {& a: M. Q0 T& w) P¡¡¡¡(A) 1903: Z9 L4 p& M0 q* o# l7 U9 ]/ W
¡¡¡¡(B) 19074 `, E4 Z& X9 Z: [) }5 @6 R: ?, c
¡¡¡¡(C) 1909
, Z8 z# g4 [# P* h¡¡¡¡(D) 1913
! B# M |" f( n. x¡¡¡¡8. The word "sums" in line 20 is closest in meaning to
i- ]4 C/ e6 _0 v¡¡¡¡(A) problems
2 |1 S. V7 l& G* T, p¡¡¡¡(B) amounts. ~; N' \, x1 R2 P, C
¡¡¡¡(C) services8 w( M6 b% z9 v) V2 n0 Q7 n
¡¡¡¡(D) debts
, _4 W) Z# o1 e, @5 C6 u1 g" }¡¡¡¡9. According to the passage, which of the following was most directly influenced by the Alaska-Yukon- Pacific Exposition?
' H5 G$ f, C; M O6 S6 R¡¡¡¡(A) The University of Washington6 V+ ~, c1 W: f7 ]* \4 _
¡¡¡¡(B) Brookline, Massachusetts
5 K% x: P3 {4 U5 h) L0 D¡¡¡¡(C) The mayor of Seattle
3 n h" ?" E$ ?: F2 t¡¡¡¡(D) The Seattle Parks Board
: Q( }/ _8 v* _8 y1 v¡¡¡¡Questions 10-19( Q# Y8 Y# \: C' s
¡¡¡¡No two comets ever look identical, but they have basic features in common, one of the% b+ w7 V" I$ Z w
¡¡¡¡most obvious of which is a coma. A coma looks like a misty, patch of light with one or more
( H/ }. |( o) U/ o( Y+ K¡¡¡¡tails often streaming from it in the direction away from the Sun.! ?* N' q: h- G$ L) \2 A6 X4 x
¡¡¡¡Line At the heart of a comet's coma lies a nucleus of solid material, typically no more than
" `5 A" I/ T) B¡¡¡¡(5) 10 kilometers across. The visible coma is a huge cloud of gas and dust that has escaped7 l, ^; y% ?) Q; z
¡¡¡¡from the nucleus, which it then surrounds like an extended atmosphere. The coma can extend
/ [/ v( K2 h' W& {& C0 Y¡¡¡¡as far as a million kilometers outward from the nucleus. Around the coma there is often an
1 J7 g7 o) Q0 S# E1 _6 ~) c¡¡¡¡even larger invisible envelope of hydrogen gas.# f9 Q$ }3 b& {& k0 E T
¡¡¡¡The most graphic proof that the grand spectacle of a comet develops from a relatively+ v+ `) R& X# C7 f4 c2 \% k, i: e
¡¡¡¡(10) small and inconspicuous chunk of ice and dust was the close-up image obtained in 1986 by& L5 A2 X/ A/ l8 y0 L! J1 \- C
¡¡¡¡the European Giotto probe of the nucleus of Halley's Comet. It turned out to be a bit like a t( [) X& W8 V, L
¡¡¡¡very dark asteroid, measuring 16 by 8 kilometers. Ices have evaporated from its outer layers
" e- }8 C% w+ i6 V. ]& x) \6 r¡¡¡¡to leave a crust of nearly black dust all over the surface. Bright jets of gas from evaporating) p% i ^( z" K+ P
¡¡¡¡ice burst out on the side facing the Sun, where the surface gets heated up, carrying dust7 Q0 k' T1 \/ w* W7 V1 C
¡¡¡¡(15) with them. This is how the coma and the tails are created.
" ~" S: u* T# H# V0 M$ w# U¡¡¡¡Comets grow tails only when they get warm enough for ice and dust to boil off. As a
9 f' M' K. p4 f( Y¡¡¡¡comet's orbit brings it closer to the Sun, first the coma grows, then two distinct tails usually) b# `: M+ Z& `
¡¡¡¡form. One, the less common kind, contains electrically charged (i.e., ionized) atoms of gas,
" r% f/ K! M8 d/ }; s, C) n¡¡¡¡which are blown off directly in the direction away from the Sun by the magnetic field of
+ [+ Z) X! t3 z9 z1 S; I! F' q¡¡¡¡(20) the solar wind. The other tail is made of neutral dust particles, which get gently pushed back
, d% F. ]/ |1 A: U( ~¡¡¡¡by the pressure of the sunlight itself. Unlike the ion tail, which is straight, the dust tail: b. m; A, O6 N' `4 K
¡¡¡¡becomes curved as the particles follow their own orbits around the Sun.
A' w. f" J" d Z¡¡¡¡I0. The passage focuses on comets primarily in terms of their
0 q# Y) O( h+ Y0 P3 ~¡¡¡¡(A) orbital patterns
' E. x: E6 Y* h" f¡¡¡¡(B) coma and tails3 N1 ?9 r E8 ^& @
¡¡¡¡(C) brightness
: _3 s6 z7 T1 V$ @+ B' s; k" g. }) ^¡¡¡¡(D) size
k Q) R0 {0 Z( @9 C¡¡¡¡11. The word "identical" in line I is closest in meaning to" m3 D7 }2 _- O
¡¡¡¡(A) equally fast( s3 {: e* O2 u& M. j
¡¡¡¡(B) exactly alike
- m: G0 D6 K4 a$ q* p¡¡¡¡(C) near each other
1 B+ [4 A8 j# ~0 V) S¡¡¡¡(D) invisible
4 O$ {3 g( f- q2 n: J# x¡¡¡¡12. The word "heart" in line 4 is closest in meaning to
) A& H9 o" ^5 J4 p8 a9 c¡¡¡¡(A) center
9 G8 a0 ^8 l4 {¡¡¡¡(B) edge
/ {& K7 B( b7 v* W5 \5 y, l¡¡¡¡(C) tail
: }; O: t$ _ ^¡¡¡¡(D) beginning
% C: [9 ^. G9 Z5 E' F: P¡¡¡¡13. Why does the author mention the Giotto probe in paragraph 3?/ {. h8 D7 B& w1 _
¡¡¡¡(A) It had a relatively small and inconspicuous nucleus.
, r [9 @+ T3 V- P¡¡¡¡(B) It was very similar to an asteroid.( l; T# Z K8 C5 z4 `/ w" }
¡¡¡¡(C) It was covered with an unusual black dust.
6 R) m7 ~5 s: V¡¡¡¡(D) It provided visual evidence of the makeup of a comet's nucleus.5 r4 X- F1 s- c9 J2 l
¡¡¡¡14. It can be inferred from the passage that the nucleus of a comet is made up of: j. ]! g/ F y; x6 D/ V
¡¡¡¡(A) dust and gas
4 Z+ @2 D2 S' Q' y2 n' K4 \¡¡¡¡(B) ice and dust
& I0 a) |) u) S) \¡¡¡¡(C) hydrogen gas1 Z# G( S) A/ y7 N2 C9 Y4 k- u* }
¡¡¡¡(D) electrically charged atoms: ^ F$ r+ I# K9 R# V6 M
¡¡¡¡15. The word "graphic" in line 9 is closest in meaning to" b& u( F8 j4 e" F$ d7 w. D9 P2 J
¡¡¡¡(A) mathematical, ?2 L9 w/ Q( N/ f7 a) M3 }1 N
¡¡¡¡(B) popular0 w' L4 \8 a0 ^0 ?3 V
¡¡¡¡(C) unusual
3 s2 N" s( C. ^, N4 r4 U¡¡¡¡(D) vivid& y5 S2 }2 d( t+ D# b
¡¡¡¡16. Which of the following occurred as the ices from Halley's Comet evaporated?' k/ J/ D* L, l& i/ A$ e
¡¡¡¡(A) Black dust was left on the comet's surface.
, k0 H7 _ l2 ?4 k; l. \' D¡¡¡¡(B) The nucleus of the comet expanded.
7 P" o9 v* a" ]¡¡¡¡(C) The tail of the comet straightened out. m |" s. l0 E
¡¡¡¡(D) Jets of gas caused the comet to increase its speed.! e: f6 U- O3 q3 a/ s
¡¡¡¡17. All of the following statements about the tails of comets are true EXCEPT:& H v/ c8 t2 I3 v; x5 W* ~) f
¡¡¡¡(A) They can contain electrically charged or neutral particles.
) ]( [6 d, q# ]¡¡¡¡(B) They can be formed only when there is sufficient heat.
6 h& |' [( n; v! |5 ]& T8 @& N+ J¡¡¡¡(C) They are formed before the coma expands.
5 A7 a% ]& P2 I4 ?7 C5 A- M¡¡¡¡(D) They always point in the direction away from the Sun.
2 x* ^9 G" A/ b9 C¡¡¡¡18. The word "distinct" in line 17 is closest in meaning to
& f& j& n& {( R ^- Y: r9 ?* N1 \¡¡¡¡(A) visible
, U" B l% M/ Z¡¡¡¡(B) gaseous, |: r* I- ` O& n. c
¡¡¡¡(C) separate8 F; k( w& B7 L+ A, s
¡¡¡¡(D) new
K1 R. e; u+ U¡¡¡¡19. Compared to the tail of electrically charged atoms, the tail of neutral dust particles is9 _) e3 O9 X g* s
¡¡¡¡relatively: P- k9 A$ n" C, N* H8 X
¡¡¡¡(A) long# ?( F) l% d' F- Z* K9 v' c6 v; L
¡¡¡¡(B) curved
9 m+ x; l! w6 e( \¡¡¡¡(C) unpredictable( V# \' d! J# I
¡¡¡¡(D) bright9 l* F4 t8 F; N8 }6 ?# Y
¡¡¡¡Questions 20-292 b. J% }; U9 ?7 I8 N
¡¡¡¡Many prehistoric people subsisted as hunters and gatherers. Undoubtedly, game
y" n+ c# X, \* O9 y: t/ p¡¡¡¡animals, including some very large species, provided major components of human diets.
$ Z5 g% O) [) D9 n' K5 m! J2 {' T¡¡¡¡An important controversy centering on the question of human effects on prehistoric wildlife' I2 H8 D8 l7 a0 t- W6 M! b9 X2 a& g% \
¡¡¡¡Line concerns the sudden disappearance of so many species of large animals at or near the end2 G( w! {; p0 Q0 e4 {% X8 h& g
¡¡¡¡(5) of the Pleistocene epoch. Most paleontologists suspect that abrupt changes in climate led
& i" v4 ]7 I6 A$ ~7 T¡¡¡¡to the mass extinctions. Others, however, have concluded that prehistoric people drove H$ g: Y9 s8 g; X
¡¡¡¡many of those species to extinction through overhunting. In their "Pleistocene overkill
* j& t: P' n8 d¡¡¡¡hypothesis," they cite what seems to be a remarkable coincidence between the arrival of! {& A. Z3 }, \- a, B
¡¡¡¡prehistoric peoples in North and South America and the time during which mammoths,- f, K& J; }! d4 }& G/ x- m) b9 a
¡¡¡¡(10) giant ground sloths, the giant bison, and numerous other large mammals became extinct.4 ?4 q! `. L2 p! k
¡¡¡¡Perhaps the human species was driving others to extinction long before the dawn of history.
4 j. p1 R1 |3 h$ A `$ [¡¡¡¡Hunter-gatherers may have contributed to Pleistocene extinctions in more indirect4 ~( X: s2 E# z- i, M7 P
¡¡¡¡ways. Besides overhunting, at least three other kinds of effects have been suggested:/ e- c) ]5 q- @5 t& F" a
¡¡¡¡direct competition, imbalances between competing species of game animals, and early# c) s \% T5 N6 O; b' z& a4 @
¡¡¡¡(15) agricultural practices. Direct competition may have brought about the demise of large( _2 B( q% X! ]9 Q1 l8 ?
¡¡¡¡carnivores such as the saber-toothed cats. These animals simply may have been unable) s$ M1 O/ m3 l4 p& F
¡¡¡¡to compete with the increasingly sophisticated hunting skills of Pleistocene people.
' w4 A5 e9 L+ S. z8 Z% }8 o¡¡¡¡Human hunters could have caused imbalances among game animals, leading to the8 I& l3 |/ b6 Y8 c( t
¡¡¡¡extinctions of species less able to compete. When other predators such as the gray wolf
5 ?8 S% O, p4 c4 I j6 {7 z¡¡¡¡(20) prey upon large mammals, they generally take high proportions of each year s crop of6 l+ ~9 R4 C0 n$ t6 k
¡¡¡¡young. Some human hunters, in contrast, tend to take the various age-groups of large animals
8 [" E2 P) a" s) ?3 Y¡¡¡¡in proportion to their actual occurrence. If such hunters first competed with the larger
: l; k) h* R$ f- b' S$ L¡¡¡¡predators and then replaced them. they may have allowed more young to survive each year,
4 r8 ] V2 N- D' G¡¡¡¡gradually increasing the populations of favored species As these populations expanded,- g5 ~0 m/ V$ z# ^/ w
¡¡¡¡(25) they in turn may have competed with other game species for the same environmental niche,
h( M& i8 I9 p1 Z4 ]0 `6 E: J; w¡¡¡¡forcing the less hunted species into extinction. This theory, suggests that human hunters
% h2 O: B& s# N1 [. l C5 X¡¡¡¡played an indirect role in Pleistocene extinctions by hunting one species more than another.
% i4 t; k/ |6 K5 B; R¡¡¡¡20. What does the passage mainly discuss?" a2 ]# E& L, Y5 d* n& {* C! @, |
¡¡¡¡(A) The effects of human activities on prehistoric wildlife" d2 C G& Y% w" x' H4 B" Z5 M
¡¡¡¡(B) The origins of the hunter-gatherer way of life
! [8 T7 h. d' z; g5 l( O- V% l¡¡¡¡(C) The diets of large animals of the Pleistocene epoch
4 T) }- U# s, X# Y¡¡¡¡(D) The change in climate at the end of the Pleistocene epoch
5 H. `9 E1 v' I0 ^' l1 z. F¡¡¡¡21. The word "Undoubtedly" in line I is closest in meaning to
" } V _" Q8 \5 |¡¡¡¡(A) occasionally; ^) f8 _' h/ f: i
¡¡¡¡(B) unexpectedly
6 n" I3 H/ w/ ^" K9 M5 f# S¡¡¡¡(C) previously
/ h. S" K% J! v6 y6 L) P/ l! Y¡¡¡¡(D) certainly7 y3 [) B3 n" Q( N; D' F; k8 |. t
¡¡¡¡22. The word "components" in line 2 is closest in meaning to
& ~8 s( F/ N! w. O9 p: Z; n) a¡¡¡¡(A) parts2 _7 ?5 A0 t( L2 \$ `; D& ]9 s7 i
¡¡¡¡(B) problems% ]. O8 e" x' g
¡¡¡¡(C) changes M% k% I& \7 v
¡¡¡¡(D) varieties4 g' z/ j$ _$ C' g
¡¡¡¡23. Which of the following is mentioned as supporting the Pleistocene overkill
+ R( w T L* |; U# o' K2 z¡¡¡¡hypothesis?& t- K+ r0 j" p" ]0 l; K1 U1 i
¡¡¡¡(A) Many of the animals that became extinct were quite large.+ t) u; e3 V9 T/ l1 R+ N% D7 |
¡¡¡¡(B) Humans migrated into certain regions around the time that major' u0 }- ] x4 j% i2 E
¡¡¡¡extinctions occurred.
- m0 z! Z2 S" L/ d: R¡¡¡¡(C) There is evidence that new species were arriving in areas inhabited by
+ }1 k7 G* R; J: K& A0 {9 W: ~¡¡¡¡humans.
2 ~% E' `5 N' q( E! v& `¡¡¡¡(D) Humans began to keep and care for certain animals.( F: e1 ^0 n3 O+ \; N d/ t
¡¡¡¡24. The word "Besides" in line 13 is closest in meaning to- {$ j' j6 N% @: y; m6 {+ u
¡¡¡¡(A) caused by
" b' ]5 }5 a: s0 O' v0 [¡¡¡¡(B) whereas$ U' E1 y2 L- Z% Q
¡¡¡¡(C) in addition to3 b+ y0 o' A4 g3 w( f' r
¡¡¡¡(D) in favor of
3 O5 T% c: [5 O& X \¡¡¡¡25. The author mentions saber-toothed cats in line 16 as an example of a carnivore; G, h8 I" a; I( o, c( K+ |
¡¡¡¡that
+ A# h* g; E, ?¡¡¡¡(A) became extinct before the Pleistocene epoch w3 d) q% |8 V3 R: X# q a. O
¡¡¡¡(B) was unusually large for its time7 Z" ~# n$ q. a& D% e8 P
¡¡¡¡(C) was not able to compete with humans4 Q3 ^& b: `( {9 k+ e( v" L
¡¡¡¡(D) caused the extinction of several species2 ^& `# S% ?# O9 b
¡¡¡¡26. The word "they" in line 20 refers to
; [% V5 d t0 D+ u6 P¡¡¡¡(A) human hunters
- L- Z$ S# q+ K, Z¡¡¡¡(B) game animals
" X V3 f; C) W1 Y! r( _7 G$ O¡¡¡¡(C) other predators# X9 D; Y/ ], u0 W
¡¡¡¡(D) large mammals5 {9 _2 m' p z. e
¡¡¡¡27. According to the passage, what is one difference between the hunting done by
3 F. S3 I& J2 l: U: P) C1 ]¡¡¡¡some humans and the hunting done by gray wolves?3 I' Z, v' i# ^1 w( W' K
¡¡¡¡(A) Some humans hunt more frequently than gray wolves.! M$ w: a9 E! L
¡¡¡¡(B) Gray wolves hunt in larger groups than some humans.8 x, a$ W: [) Q0 P; Z( Q1 U
¡¡¡¡(C) Some humans can hunt larger animals than gray wolves can hunt.6 `$ F3 a* }9 _+ W3 i$ h
¡¡¡¡(D) Some humans prey on animals of all ages, but gray wolves concentrate1 b+ D, a+ r: A$ f1 s! }9 ^
¡¡¡¡their efforts on young animals.1 a( G$ C4 Z+ z0 `
¡¡¡¡28. The word "favored" in line 24 is closest in meaning to: e0 ^ Q0 S6 `2 F, g
¡¡¡¡(A) large; o: \8 P3 d. E7 Z- z0 k* W
¡¡¡¡(B) escaping
7 P& G8 O* N* C6 u \¡¡¡¡(C) preferred
/ K; |8 V& \1 D' | c" i7 Y: C; W¡¡¡¡(D) local
# j; K6 h+ A" y y% O- @" W8 n2 m6 I1 l¡¡¡¡29. According to the passage, the imbalances discussed in paragraph 3 may have6 S, {1 G- A6 [( J- c7 K
¡¡¡¡resulted from
* d& x& Y: @9 B8 U% e3 ~- b; D¡¡¡¡(A) the effect of climate changes on large game animals# o. Y6 A; Z2 Z- d
¡¡¡¡(B) large animals moving into a new environment# z7 A* S2 N/ D. S" Y
¡¡¡¡(C) humans hunting some species more than others
+ a; I0 x* B6 A$ ^) i¡¡¡¡(D) older animals not being able to compete with younger animals
# |2 u! t( K7 h6 `) G& m4 a, N¡¡¡¡Questions 30-39
% B3 Q' p( o( ?$ C$ {¡¡¡¡Tulips are Old World, rather than New World, plants, with the origins of the species
; g! Z2 I: w/ j) V% g8 w6 Q9 C3 e¡¡¡¡lying in Central Asia. They became an integral part of the gardens of the Ottoman Empire: f6 F& P& f$ I* G1 p1 n7 [9 v
¡¡¡¡from the sixteenth century onward, and, soon after, part of European life as well. Holland,
; e' Y; u: q' Z' f" b¡¡¡¡Line in particular, became famous for its cultivation of the flower.
7 B4 M" s! _+ ^5 J1 ]. T¡¡¡¡(5) A tenuous line marked the advance of the tulip to the New World, where it was
' O: Q: F1 R: o" z6 ~% z¡¡¡¡unknown in the wild. The first Dutch colonies in North America had been established3 e2 y+ z# e h9 l6 ?
¡¡¡¡in New Netherland by the Dutch West India Company in 1624, and one individual who
: X9 B, Q" Z: q h5 K- y¡¡¡¡settled in New Amsterdam (today's Manhattan section of New York City) in 1642' u& P: N( m* I9 @& p: o8 Y* J5 x
¡¡¡¡described the flowers that bravely colonized the settlers' gardens. They were the same
% E) L" B* w+ L% R: ?) n" ~; T¡¡¡¡(10) flowers seen in Dutch still-life paintings of the time: crown imperials, roses, carnations,
r% W% _* Q) N! r- A) p( S5 p [, g¡¡¡¡and of course tulips. They flourished in Pennsylvania too, where in 1698 William Penn" ^4 y# P9 l, f- w" |
¡¡¡¡received a report of John Tateham's "Great and Stately Palace," its garden full of tulips.
6 P6 z) T/ K" ^ s" d¡¡¡¡By 1760, Boston newspapers were advertising 50 different kinds of mixed tulip "roots."
$ U: w7 U0 D y1 z¡¡¡¡But the length of the journey between Europe and North America created many
$ Y$ ?2 [6 d% [- o¡¡¡¡(15) difficulties. Thomas Hancock, an English settler, wrote thanking his plant supplier for( ~; X$ O! N! D6 W- |( ^; ^
¡¡¡¡a gift of some tulip bulbs from England, but his letter the following year grumbled that
0 d$ a' Y) B( i, w¡¡¡¡they were all dead.3 f0 e/ n: z6 b! C3 Q) _
¡¡¡¡Tulips arrived in Holland, Michigan, with a later wave of early nineteenth-century6 j. n+ `6 \7 V! K, ]: a
¡¡¡¡Dutch immigrants who quickly colonized the plains of Michigan. Together with many
# u, i# S1 w( t Y9 P/ }, c¡¡¡¡(20) other Dutch settlements, such as the one at Pella. Iowa, they established a regular demand
3 _. }$ ]4 ]1 v¡¡¡¡for European plants. The demand was bravely met by a new kind of tulip entrepreneur, the8 Z- G. }4 X& ~# g2 _2 C- B# [7 r
¡¡¡¡traveling salesperson. One Dutchman, Hendrick van der Schoot, spent six months in 1849
1 l1 w0 K6 u- |) I¡¡¡¡traveling through the United States taking orders for tulip bulbs. While tulip bulbs were
! H' d8 `) S* y3 {9 f$ V¡¡¡¡traveling from Europe to the United States to satisfy the nostalgic longings of homesick
: A+ y+ n" C, [' p¡¡¡¡(25) English and Dutch settlers, North American plants were traveling in the opposite- O) @0 F& N4 F
¡¡¡¡direction. In England, the enthusiasm for American plants was one reason why tulips m% d% B/ T( F. x
¡¡¡¡dropped out of fashion in the gardens of the rich and famous." U" n) S' ]$ n: o& t
¡¡¡¡30. Which of the following questions does the passage mainly answer?
) L" ^; e. l" ?% |" V, u2 k¡¡¡¡(A) What is the difference between an Old World and a New World plant?
7 V: p5 N& _& r% m$ l¡¡¡¡(B) Why are tulips grown in many different parts of the world?
% R' ?+ \7 g7 X4 @: d, q& y¡¡¡¡(C) How did tulips become popular in North America?
+ f7 T1 @, f9 [6 s. m/ }¡¡¡¡(D) Where were the first Dutch colonies in North America located?, @" F* H0 }4 y2 P
¡¡¡¡31. The word "integral" in line 2 is closest in meaning to
' Q+ I2 @2 P* ]+ q¡¡¡¡(A) interesting5 G! i5 U* S& W! P, `% H, N
¡¡¡¡(B) fundamental7 H1 H" E6 b2 G& y: q B
¡¡¡¡(C) ornamental) R6 R r% r! f& e, Y, i+ g7 t
¡¡¡¡(D) overlooked6 g- Z$ @9 g1 C2 I/ F4 w# c
¡¡¡¡32. The passage mentions that tulips were first found in which of the following8 u& |, r( \2 F
¡¡¡¡regions?
/ l& [7 Z( A; s, Q5 V ?+ {4 h¡¡¡¡(A) Central Asia
* g5 ~1 Y% \; V5 X0 Y8 @¡¡¡¡(B) Western Europe
4 q( b& u/ K1 j) P5 r¡¡¡¡(C) India: q: i O- U1 U, |+ V+ D A
¡¡¡¡(D) North America9 J/ d' ?& f- Q* a0 ~
¡¡¡¡33. The word "flourished" in line 11 is closest in meaning to
* q+ ^% S6 I& _9 y5 q% J, }¡¡¡¡(A) were discovered
3 i/ s5 [- V L8 l, R3 r¡¡¡¡(B) were marketed6 r- U! W2 Q. N5 r# }! I5 a
¡¡¡¡(C) combined ^& _! f' K$ y' N8 t" R9 s
¡¡¡¡(D) thrived2 P4 `' m" A3 a/ B5 x, M
¡¡¡¡34. The author mentions tulip growing in New Netherland. Pennsylvania. and4 N- }) B9 s! N0 w; a* U
¡¡¡¡Michigan in order to illustrate how
7 X8 L. R: ~( k8 P) g+ c¡¡¡¡(A) imported tulips were considered more valuable than locally grown tulips
# o# Z' N8 {% `¡¡¡¡(B) tulips were commonly passed as
, z B) y& N+ H¡¡¡¡gifts from one family to another
d" E7 R8 r) ]5 x! l7 a/ {; C; ?¡¡¡¡(C) tulips grew progressively more% y: E( k F+ m% |2 k- c
¡¡¡¡popular in North America0 y' e- _8 r, u3 U8 G1 K/ S
¡¡¡¡(D) attitudes toward tulips varied from5 ~' _& w, D$ A# T2 W$ b# O& p9 ~+ }
¡¡¡¡one location to another* y; l) n8 W, Z3 ^- Y4 s6 U0 ~, b
¡¡¡¡35. The word "grumbled" in line 16 is closest in meaning to
2 V' _4 J7 v" c¡¡¡¡(A) denied
0 H8 g, S& ~6 h P¡¡¡¡(B) warned
" E! Z* d7 Z$ T¡¡¡¡(C) complained+ n* b7 R1 d. M2 x' ~' J
¡¡¡¡(D) explained: L; {2 c9 r2 \0 F3 l: L
¡¡¡¡36. The passage mentions that one reason English and Dutch settlers planted tulips in
5 e1 X( k* G7 w5 X* ^¡¡¡¡their gardens was that tulips
$ ~7 s7 C% U3 p¡¡¡¡(A) were easy to grow
& h1 j' o9 p1 G% s2 w- I# p¡¡¡¡(B) had become readily available3 [& I+ B( J+ R
¡¡¡¡(C) made them appear fashionable) }3 j6 i' |/ L" [
¡¡¡¡(D) reminded them of home
" g8 J* ^- R2 o0 j9 m# M¡¡¡¡37. The word "they" in line 20 refers to
; I+ o- D: q/ `! K& ]5 r; H* z¡¡¡¡(A) tulips' R! l i# s3 l8 J' u8 E% U+ D
¡¡¡¡(B) plains. a/ |2 F7 w! o
¡¡¡¡(C) immigrants- U+ r; a! y+ _
¡¡¡¡(D) plants
: m+ V. P( j8 G- y/ b' L1 u. s0 y) \( v¡¡¡¡38. According to the passage, which of the following changes occurred in English Q, ]$ H# E. G6 }- r4 W
¡¡¡¡gardens during the European settlement of North America?# a+ c9 F+ \+ T
¡¡¡¡(A) They grew in size in order to provide enough plants to export to the New World.
2 e) J& g& O3 s7 h6 S# |4 H7 \6 M" B& w¡¡¡¡(B) They contained a wider variety of tulips than ever before.- {7 i- {! F7 l% ]
¡¡¡¡(C) They contained many new types of North American plants.
5 U% P# s$ H3 n( a0 {5 k' b* n¡¡¡¡(D) They decreased in size on the estates of wealthy people.
( e/ Z. |7 Z9 x4 Y: x¡¡¡¡39. The passage mentions which of the following as a problem associated with the$ J8 m8 o6 J. e3 Y
¡¡¡¡importation of tulips into North America?
, L" J% ] t1 _) r( Z¡¡¡¡(A) They were no longer fashionable by the time they arrived.
# k. u+ ^3 b: t# U8 I$ I¡¡¡¡(B) They often failed to survive the journey.
/ ~( y* F1 U# b- _0 M¡¡¡¡(C) Orders often took six months or longer to fill.
9 w/ J1 b' S) Y9 b( v8 w¡¡¡¡(D) Settlers knew little about how to cultivate them.
7 a* \: C% ~* a1 j( R5 q5 h¡¡¡¡Questions 40-50% [$ t! J Z* t/ C3 t; [5 p
¡¡¡¡Pheromones are substances that serve as chemical signals between members of the
/ _9 d5 R1 L4 `¡¡¡¡same species. They are secreted to the outside of the body and cause other individuals
) n, @* a) K C6 |) W. A¡¡¡¡of the species to have specific reactions. Pheromones, which are sometimes called
% j1 h* ]' n5 Z: C* e4 M6 Y¡¡¡¡Line "social hormones," affect a group of individuals somewhat like hormones do an individual4 u; w4 h; Z$ X( G* y6 u$ P* i
¡¡¡¡(5) animal. Pheromones are the predominant medium of communication among insects
6 n) f" g4 F" {, r4 i) a+ O5 C¡¡¡¡(but rarely the sole method). Some species have simple pheromone systems and produce
: w6 p% H/ s$ Q+ w¡¡¡¡only a few pheromones, but others produce many with various functions. Pheromone& S3 P: i8 r* D4 X
¡¡¡¡systems are the most complex in some of the so-called social insects, insects that live8 [9 [. t F! |
¡¡¡¡in organized groups.
* L& t! s5 X. p! B+ g3 }: J¡¡¡¡(10) Chemical communication differs from that by sight or sound in several ways.) C Y! j8 _& [4 F
¡¡¡¡Transmission is relatively slow (the chemical signals are usually airborne), but the
# W: @5 I$ N, w; |* O2 t¡¡¡¡signal can be persistent, depending upon the volatility of the chemical, and is sometimes
3 N+ T i7 y2 {) c4 z& c¡¡¡¡effective over a very long range. Localization of the signal is generally poorer than2 D+ h- ]% J2 |* n
¡¡¡¡localization of a sound or visual stimulus and is usually effected by the animal's moving3 w8 k" n/ s+ U) w- X- I& p
¡¡¡¡(15) upwind in response to the stimulus. The ability to modulate a chemical signal is limited,/ D. v6 {7 d& f. \' K
¡¡¡¡compared with communication by visual or acoustic means, but some pheromones may# Y# w! U& X7 _ M3 P3 t
¡¡¡¡convey different meanings and consequently result in different behavioral or physiological2 `# ~) ]0 |8 o. D/ I5 j, C0 t, {
¡¡¡¡responses, depending on their concentration or when presented in combination. The
" g- D6 O5 V5 X4 k' d7 M& ?- z¡¡¡¡modulation of chemical signals occurs via the elaboration of the number of exocrine5 U- @, q8 A- B+ A: D% ?$ @
¡¡¡¡(20) glands that produce pheromones. Some species, such as ants, seem to be very articulate4 H( j# ]: { w, t
¡¡¡¡creatures, but their medium of communication is difficult for humans to study and& s$ h/ U" D+ b+ W
¡¡¡¡appreciate because of our own olfactory, insensitivity and the technological difficulties
; A+ m. n _1 u$ s4 I; r3 ?1 [9 A¡¡¡¡in detecting and analyzing these pheromones.
8 j8 w# B, K5 |4 q$ e& x¡¡¡¡Pheromones play numerous roles in the activities of insects. They may act as alarm
* b: E" s; ?* k k4 _. c¡¡¡¡(25) substances, play a role in individual and group recognition, serve as attractants between: M( K, A" ]* S0 A6 S
¡¡¡¡sexes, mediate the formation of aggregations, identify foraging trails, and be involved in9 m) F, F5 V6 f5 F3 b+ ^
¡¡¡¡caste determination. For example, pheromones involved in caste determination include+ q+ E: W: Y6 }1 j h1 W7 }
¡¡¡¡the "queen substance" produced by queen honey bees. Aphids, which are particularly
! W/ H$ I9 V7 `" D¡¡¡¡vulnerable to predators because of their gregarious habits and sedentary nature, secrete, U0 L6 u, F1 s& [' {% F
¡¡¡¡an alarm pheromone when attacked that causes nearby aphids to respond by moving away.5 d' z, f& r" ?% ?( Q; X+ j
¡¡¡¡40. What does the passage mainly discuss?
( S' K8 {: }4 s; q+ D¡¡¡¡(A) How insects use pheromones to communicate
0 V/ e) D3 F0 N- |¡¡¡¡(B) How pheromones are produced by insects f6 k& N. }% `
¡¡¡¡(C) Why analyzing insect pheromones is difficult( d& s( p' l9 s/ v- h1 L+ [
¡¡¡¡(D) The different uses of pheromones among various insect species
" @) o' d/ n/ n! r! C¡¡¡¡41. The word "serve" in line I is closest in meaning to
" ~& Q o( A3 ?4 D5 T" @9 C, C¡¡¡¡(A) improve
! j- m: o. R! \¡¡¡¡(B) function
+ _2 S' X* U/ l% l" _+ M¡¡¡¡(C) begin
: b, d# V, W$ f¡¡¡¡(D) rely
! M; z9 d s: l1 C% V¡¡¡¡42. The purpose of the second mention of "hormones" in line 4 is to point out" I) y" J* v( a) T7 D9 y! h% H
¡¡¡¡(A) chemical signals that are common among insects
* w2 v2 y6 T, _0 }, T9 Z- F¡¡¡¡(B) specific responses of various species to chemical signals
9 I0 G2 N! o. Y8 w¡¡¡¡(C) similarities between two chemical substances$ p: q- ]8 ~+ J
¡¡¡¡(D) how insects produce different chemical substances$ c: r M. M2 u% ^$ j* K W
¡¡¡¡43. The word "sole" in line 6 is closest in meaning to
% w* l X# c/ q9 D* v- {¡¡¡¡(A) obvious& ?& h- f1 J4 J. N5 N. m
¡¡¡¡(B) best; N6 \5 h9 {) P" y, J
¡¡¡¡(C) only5 V% G b# Y. b# d' L1 S) b
¡¡¡¡(D) final: F% ~; o, k* _! s" O6 s6 N
¡¡¡¡44. The passage suggests that the speed at which communication through
- d3 S8 Z, V4 A! s/ ~/ m¡¡¡¡pheromones occurs is dependent on how quickly they
# F# `1 U* E5 o3 X" }6 H0 |0 e. C¡¡¡¡(A) lose their effectiveness: P) G( O5 g, S8 O
¡¡¡¡(B) evaporate in the air) g7 C1 N/ M- B% h8 e% N/ R* O
¡¡¡¡(C) travel through the air! a% ?. l# [8 C3 ]
¡¡¡¡(D) are produced by the body2 E7 p. c. Y ^$ b, [( `4 r
¡¡¡¡45. According to the passage, the meaning of a message communicated through a$ E( U" W s. ~8 t, a
¡¡¡¡pheromone may vary when the
! J: r8 V- q3 l Z¡¡¡¡(A) chemical structure of the pheromone is changed
7 ]! t% U. N4 }0 Z. b¡¡¡¡(B) pheromone is excreted while other pheromones are also being excreted
0 a+ p6 A: S V# i5 x' o¡¡¡¡(C) exocrine glands do not produce the pheromone& \: C1 N/ l; A* i/ N3 g
¡¡¡¡(D) pheromone is released near certain specific organisms
8 C" E# u2 @1 }! s¡¡¡¡46. The word "detecting" in line 23 is closest in meaning to
3 }- L, V( G+ u6 D. \¡¡¡¡(A) controlling" O2 i/ L8 A i0 ?/ f- L" S
¡¡¡¡(B) storing
5 ?& W$ O. L1 ^# F: `¡¡¡¡(C) questioning
) L8 ^& H: J. Q3 [¡¡¡¡(D) finding
6 @0 A9 E" @, M( g& ^¡¡¡¡47. According to paragraph 2, which of the following has made the study of, K# m/ f L6 U* j* G: D1 \! W# X- a
¡¡¡¡pheromones difficult?
, o( `: R: K+ X# v0 [7 b2 Z7 p2 t¡¡¡¡(A) Pheromones cannot be easily reproduced in chemical laboratories.
0 {' g/ u2 ]. w¡¡¡¡(B) Existing technology cannot fully explore the properties of pheromones.
6 D2 h* S. r) }/ B# _+ ^& P7 L' m¡¡¡¡(C) Pheromones are highly volatile.8 C9 c. j8 k* K: M* h. X% [
¡¡¡¡(D) Pheromone signals are constantly changing. @. C( i$ I$ e, Y* A0 E8 h
¡¡¡¡48. The word "They" in line 24 refers to ]# w8 ?( G( _% G7 M5 }" |0 v5 w
¡¡¡¡(A) pheromones
/ c# d! s2 b; ?) z" F4 u¡¡¡¡(B) roles9 _; Y2 b: X9 x/ p" a) Y
¡¡¡¡(C) activities7 N- p/ f; @. n$ r5 X' P+ N
¡¡¡¡(D) insects+ t \% G7 U) n0 t9 q
¡¡¡¡49. The word "sedentary" in line 29 is closest in meaning to
p0 b, Q0 _% Y3 @8 i& ?) h¡¡¡¡(A) inactive9 Z: C6 h" ?; \. |* w2 u
¡¡¡¡(B) inefficient; Q7 D% Z5 X$ b" A
¡¡¡¡(C) unchangeable
6 K) z9 c6 K2 Y. U¡¡¡¡(D) unbalanced* D5 ~6 H) z& N
¡¡¡¡50. Pheromone systems are relatively complex in insects that
/ f" R0 P7 s E; l/ n/ o¡¡¡¡(A) also communicate using sight and sound
! W* u+ e& \3 J" ~7 T) M; h¡¡¡¡(B) live underground. I" S2 y$ u+ b E* Z! ?
¡¡¡¡(C) prey on other insects
5 p( R8 q) W7 J6 ]$ M. N$ S¡¡¡¡(D) live in organized groups |
|