|
¡¡¡¡1. (A) She'll type the man's paper for him.( M: g/ L: R0 w- d" y( I4 p
¡¡¡¡(B)The computer won't be available immediately.7 U4 ?/ q2 x, E% h' d4 Y, B
¡¡¡¡(C) The man should be more patient.
; ]& @* a# b/ X$ Z& a¡¡¡¡(D) She doesn't want the man to use her computer.
7 ^7 L9 `0 r9 p6 b. f¡¡¡¡2. (A) Read the woman's letter.8 {- c& A: S5 E3 g1 X
¡¡¡¡(B) Visit Jeff in Alaska.
2 ~" b8 x: e' M% D. U l¡¡¡¡(C) Write to Jeff.
3 ?; k7 _ g. \+ n¡¡¡¡(D) Mail a letter for the woman.
( r: G. e2 z: a( M9 S% t+ b¡¡¡¡3. (A) He went to the library twice to look for the book.
6 a" E/ Y- I1 Z5 z¡¡¡¡(B) He already returned the book to a library out of town.; p: K( W* i9 K/ G: c( e
¡¡¡¡(C) He called the library to say the book would be overdue.
7 q& _$ I/ ]6 B& O, ~0 A- Y w¡¡¡¡(D) He couldn't return the library book because he was away.
8 c \$ v. y& X¡¡¡¡4. (A) Where the midterm exam was held.
! {9 K! m3 W2 _ D5 J' [¡¡¡¡(B) Where she can see the results of the midterm exam.
3 m2 D9 {4 A5 F& U( f7 U$ e¡¡¡¡(C) Where she can buy a copy of the chemistry textbook,! }# R. ?( P6 @7 w) t4 b7 B
¡¡¡¡(D) Where the chemistry study group meets.( v4 W3 M, F, ]* `0 Q d0 A M( M
¡¡¡¡5. (A) He'll ask the driver for help with the
: }2 k4 }6 ^% G* P$ E8 T4 \¡¡¡¡luggage.% a4 e7 [$ f" ~, C6 E
¡¡¡¡(B) He doesn't mind driving by himself.
# g- ]: M% p) _; p* T¡¡¡¡(C) He doesn't have much luggage.2 V) }/ ]/ K* r, C3 u4 c. i
¡¡¡¡(D) He'd like the woman to drive him.
$ v G) H* x z9 _" R$ H$ k& i" l¡¡¡¡6. (A) The suit is out of style.
, M9 K2 z2 y. y! U¡¡¡¡(B) The suit is more appropriate for the occasion.. ]$ S7 B& Y8 F! w& R$ k+ J% a7 W
¡¡¡¡(C) The woman looks better in blue than in black.
+ ^- [( h3 \& g! [2 Y$ H! U, z¡¡¡¡(D) The suit doesn't fit the woman well.; m5 \& U# ?6 q! ^
¡¡¡¡7. (A) Writing her thesis was easier than she thought it would be.$ D" I6 y. p3 b) S( {) b3 A5 }/ }) ]' K
¡¡¡¡(B) She intends to work on her thesis during her vacation.% \% T9 H, v5 c3 B
¡¡¡¡(C) She intentionally chose an easy topic to write about.
( c7 [5 s) z# U) Z v) j! g¡¡¡¡(D) She plans to spend some time relaxing.
2 M# j- u5 m& g7 n3 D7 {¡¡¡¡8. (A) He hasn't had a chance to meet Kathy yet
: ]2 z5 o0 o1 P+ _# m¡¡¡¡(B) Kathy had already told him the news
7 w z H" p; M% C" Y9 H5 @( ~¡¡¡¡(C) He didn't know that Kathy was being moved.
$ r) X6 A. @9 Z2 t¡¡¡¡(D) His new office will be located in New York.
5 x6 d2 D; j: ~& a¡¡¡¡9. (A) She'd like the man to visit her.
5 ]3 V3 h6 q0 v¡¡¡¡(B) She can help the man clean up.
( [3 H# x: y# k& [* C; x( a# M. C¡¡¡¡(C) She left her room on time this morning.$ V9 h, s; A/ F7 ^) D0 \
¡¡¡¡(D) She hasn't cleaned her room either.4 D7 H( A% b+ J& {+ i5 g1 ]( f
¡¡¡¡10. (A) He doesn't know what's wrong with the computer,2 O% D5 T$ b8 S% e- e& x' ?; |, B
¡¡¡¡(B) The woman misunderstood what he said.. Q0 ?3 d ]* H) E
¡¡¡¡(C) The problem is different from what he thought it was
! w6 P) M- Z1 j; C: _8 @8 _0 _¡¡¡¡(D) The computer cannot be repaired0 B/ g$ y7 p2 o
¡¡¡¡11. (A) She didn't see it0 S- [% K1 I+ w3 r! ^) b1 h
¡¡¡¡(B) It had nothing to do with politics.8 S) [* b2 E5 F6 U* ^, }
¡¡¡¡(C) Some people wouldn't find it interesting.
$ F- Z1 `) Y6 L$ d# w+ Y6 H% p! w¡¡¡¡(D) The man ought to watch it again
: l: N1 p/ S5 N H¡¡¡¡12. (A) He doesn't feel well enough to exercise0 |' q. a7 ] G
¡¡¡¡(B) He prefers to exercise in the morning.
1 V& ~0 d6 x: W¡¡¡¡(C) He accepts the woman's invitation.: ]. s; Z! b& P' z" \2 D
¡¡¡¡(D) He doesn't like to exercise in cold weather.
6 _( L D: w( G4 u D5 A¡¡¡¡13. (A) Change the topic of her research project.$ ~/ @) X- Q( @
¡¡¡¡(B) Sign up for a different political science course.1 V+ E# Z7 A( B3 E0 u
¡¡¡¡(C) Ask Mary to help her choose a topic.- S% b& I. t1 Q! n, d
¡¡¡¡(D) Take a class together with Mary.
6 i8 R( g! u$ z6 z9 V$ q¡¡¡¡14. (A) Send the man to a store that sells cassettes., E" T4 Z# n! i. L+ E
¡¡¡¡(B) Borrow a blank cassette from her friends.0 U) U3 u' }( |
¡¡¡¡(C) Sell the man one of her cassettes
( n+ T0 S) b2 F6 r/ ~2 k¡¡¡¡(D) Purchase some extra cassettes! `. C; o$ t) [2 P7 A. E) V" E: H; p
¡¡¡¡15. (A) The books were sent out late.
4 R! b/ z% Q* S0 K& ~¡¡¡¡(B) The books were sent to the wrong place.
8 x% ]$ y1 m5 n- f3 t n0 v¡¡¡¡(C) He didn't mind helping the woman move. p5 E/ T! N( W3 ~3 [6 u" k: m# P" q
¡¡¡¡(D) He doesn't know the woman's new address.* A1 J% c/ s* R# r/ E
¡¡¡¡16. (A) Let him borrow her heavy jacket.! g! t/ j% @# X8 c" c( Y0 N! h
¡¡¡¡(B) Stay in her car if the weather is too cold.
9 T( ^8 f0 `. o7 f6 x8 A7 p¡¡¡¡(C) Leave campus in a couple of hours.
1 @" B0 A/ K0 U' |. X: L¡¡¡¡(D) Be prepared for the possibility of cooler weather.; n$ m$ Y- w% ^/ n
¡¡¡¡17.(A) The man was absent when she gave them to the glass.; M2 Y$ ~$ H; ~3 ?" z
¡¡¡¡(B) She'll give some of them to the class on Wednesday.
& p3 @' q' D+ V% C8 o2 a; ?" q¡¡¡¡(C) She has no more of them to give to the man.
( W6 @4 [1 F5 P* v¡¡¡¡(D) The man must do many more of them to pass the test.% S7 |! }; I# _3 K
¡¡¡¡8 (A) She has never had a class with Professor Smith.+ \0 d# j) B# w( ^7 n4 h( C
¡¡¡¡(B) She's surprised the man is taking a history class.
4 N, e8 `: g- y; N2 C1 e¡¡¡¡(C) The assignment must be finished by 3 o'clock.
7 ]: _" H) r% S¡¡¡¡(O) Professor Smith's classes are very demanding. H+ ]: W+ ^% \4 k8 F, T
¡¡¡¡19. (A) She'll return the questionnaire soon.
. E' M- A n& X8 Z& M* X4 k¡¡¡¡(B) The first question is optional.
. |. I- \) w% q y% X2 H) x: A }¡¡¡¡(C) The man doesn't need to answer all the questions.
], M6 L* O0 A, U+ i¡¡¡¡(D) The man doesn't need to submit a questionnaire.- b8 U9 S3 U7 `. z7 A) C0 }
¡¡¡¡20. (A) She doesn't like the painting.
$ |2 N( @9 a6 U' F2 G¡¡¡¡(B) She hasn't seen the man's office.
8 R: b6 }) ?" Q4 I, K3 E/ P¡¡¡¡(C) She'll hang the painting on the wall.4 R( i! q2 h& p
¡¡¡¡(D)She doesn't know where to put the painting.2 u+ Q) a0 k- I% n# n& ^
¡¡¡¡21. (A) He doesn't like to cook spaghetti sauce.
% p" R' k: f( S1 q d¡¡¡¡(B) He isn't careful when he's preparing food.- P4 v) Y; S( o6 s. O( t4 d% d
¡¡¡¡(C) He makes very good desserts.
; S' B* U: r( ] W& x- m: o¡¡¡¡(D) He cooks for the Spanish club quite often.3 @2 h( @3 H( r8 o$ x6 P
¡¡¡¡22. (A) She doesn't plan to continue studying next year.
% S* M3 o3 Y1 U+ p' n& f¡¡¡¡(B) She recently visited a different university.% m$ B% U: m& z! d) h
¡¡¡¡(C) She already told the man about her plans.: O) G3 M* _; x3 o
¡¡¡¡(D) She isn't planning to transfer to a different university.6 \) t9 a" k* c0 ?
¡¡¡¡23. (A) Start cleaning sooner.
2 ]1 T |, o0 a w9 ?% ^& ]" f¡¡¡¡(B) Hire a cleaning service.
- _" n6 L+ w# M4 J* L& P9 ~¡¡¡¡(C) Wait a while before giving another party.2 q& Z3 V" {1 Z/ n! b* X
¡¡¡¡(D) Have his party at a different" X% [2 [( `: T
¡¡¡¡24. (A) She prefers to remain indoors.' F2 ~/ R, P( \2 C6 X7 [
¡¡¡¡(B) She has the same allergies that the man has.
9 I5 I" t# ]9 |, z1 Q4 h9 f0 S¡¡¡¡(C) She doesn't think the man is sincere.
: `: O0 B- C$ f) y# M¡¡¡¡(D) She doesn't understand what the man said.
- w& r% B1 v9 k$ ?! q) e¡¡¡¡25. (A) He has invited many people to- V& S h2 `, l8 s/ ~4 p6 h) a( E
¡¡¡¡(B) He intentionally cooked a lot of soup.+ @) e& n. M, n3 x+ h
¡¡¡¡(C) He doesn't like leftovers either.
9 \9 U0 r+ j$ Z% o: \' v% \¡¡¡¡(D) He used leftovers in the soup.
# F& I `& c3 B+ J( F: K¡¡¡¡26. (A) She can't help the man make his decision
# z9 Y/ B. |; a3 v¡¡¡¡(B) A bicycle isn't a safe method of transportation.
' Z- A' z2 V T9 a¡¡¡¡(C) The man doesn't need a new bicycle,
/ R6 o& O9 G: \: s+ o' Y- f¡¡¡¡(D) She doesn't know how to fix a bicycle,
v7 k5 G) A% M+ L f: D V¡¡¡¡27. (A) Ed is happy with his job.
4 {2 S1 ~* K2 u( x7 v" C, q¡¡¡¡(B) Ed isn't as good a worker as the boss thinks.$ O( U, D$ y2 E% ~, R
¡¡¡¡(C) The boss plans to give Ed a raise in salary.
0 H% k/ T, g, I; v8 r¡¡¡¡(D) The boss hasn't treated& l0 U( ~- P) i$ e- o+ K
¡¡¡¡28. (A) She left work after the man.* a) t Z0 `5 Y9 j- |! |
¡¡¡¡(B) She was unable to follow the man's directions.
# a0 X$ G! O% ?* D2 g# W¡¡¡¡(C) It only rained in a small area.
8 L: j6 s: s4 A3 m¡¡¡¡(D) She doesn't mind driving in$ y) z% A1 D' k" E
¡¡¡¡29. (A) It isn't necessary to attend the lecture.
0 J$ i7 V' z9 F& Q# v¡¡¡¡(B) There isn't enough time to eat dessert6 A j1 p; f! c+ q6 K% X
¡¡¡¡(C) Eating in the lecture hall is prohibited.
, C, K; @0 N! U9 {! v¡¡¡¡(D) The lecture probably won't start on time.0 i+ J4 L7 M$ I' S, _' N; J
¡¡¡¡30. (A) She doesn't think that Oakville is very far.
) i; d; q& f+ l+ w: ?7 } \¡¡¡¡(B) She thinks the man misunderstood what he& F2 l3 G1 g. ?/ M, Y# W) z
¡¡¡¡(C) She didn't know that Matthew planned to move to Oakville.
7 f; v9 g9 W, y; J¡¡¡¡(D) She wants to buy a car from Matthew.
7 I" A9 A S& J# i; Y3 m¡¡¡¡31. (A) They've lost their suitcases.
$ J Q) E) r# `4 c¡¡¡¡(B) They can't find their dormitory., T$ B; ~/ ?% z j" h( @* `' y$ l
¡¡¡¡(C) Their dorm rooms have been given to other students.
2 Q7 O5 |2 a3 T6 m¡¡¡¡(D) They've missed the bus to their dormitory.
1 T8 H9 J& | }+ u+ _9 c# M, x¡¡¡¡32. (A) It has no bus service/ z+ Y- J) P9 I4 z6 Z1 T
¡¡¡¡(B) It is small6 {, z/ x" J3 x, y9 G
¡¡¡¡(C) It is located outside of town.- H C9 a- A* b' ]
¡¡¡¡(D) It is very hilly.
* F4 r1 i0 W) ^¡¡¡¡33. (A) It's far from the academic buildings.0 N3 l) i6 B: ?& a' V _$ T$ L4 D9 s
¡¡¡¡(B) No buses go to it.
6 t e- n$ e) Z- ~ x¡¡¡¡(C) There are few first-year students living there.
' ?$ w6 r& E7 k Y¡¡¡¡(D) It's older than the other dormitories.
( F5 }0 c) n J( |4 w¡¡¡¡34. (A) They bring too many things with them.' ?) ] E& H+ o2 d
¡¡¡¡(B) They waste their time.
0 I, s5 N3 t9 \6 }) T5 ?( L( c¡¡¡¡(C) They don't familiarize themselves with the campus
- @( d6 g; R6 z e i5 `8 T) A6 r¡¡¡¡(D) They don't make realistic career plans.1 Q$ K0 R2 |" e; O. V
¡¡¡¡35. (A) Judging people's behavior.0 v* `0 [- W# q. {1 e O
¡¡¡¡(B) Common causes of anger.
. z) x4 L7 M, G. V8 h¡¡¡¡(C) Changing people's attitudes.( x- w6 z4 a5 `: s
¡¡¡¡(D) The effects of negative behavior.
( ^2 V& z& [! y: }1 j¡¡¡¡36. (A) When they're unable to control the person's behavior.
6 _( w/ A) n. T¡¡¡¡(B) When the causes of the behavior are obvious.
1 c; L; }. M; c¡¡¡¡(C) When the consequences of the behavior are unpleasant.
; T( e* ^- h% n) S" S$ ?¡¡¡¡(D) When the behavior is expected.
: q7 C- f+ P( \5 m, K¡¡¡¡37. (A) It's not always clear why people behave in certain ways.
9 |+ K1 F! [/ B% |) U- q3 ]3 U¡¡¡¡(B) People usually blame others for their mistakes.
- i, Y$ A4 X. w8 B3 E J¡¡¡¡(C) Certain conditions cause drivers to behave strangely.0 ~0 G5 q- m4 I
¡¡¡¡(D) The reason for some behavior is obvious.
* x5 t- ~6 M- @8 s¡¡¡¡38. (A) They usually accept responsibility.4 b1 U; s9 ~5 x) A5 I( Y
¡¡¡¡(B) They blame factors beyond their control
% i, k& W' R+ P: ^" [; g8 C$ i# B¡¡¡¡(C) They complain about their personal problems.
! A" C& i" t' \ h! [¡¡¡¡(D) They compare their behavior to the behavior of others.
3 F9 c7 i( @4 ^8 r |. e$ I8 _¡¡¡¡39. (A) Settlement patterns in desert.
* ]' t. r! X! Y2 O¡¡¡¡(B) Causes of desertification.& S4 j6 A4 k* F' h* G
¡¡¡¡(C) Plant adaptation to desert conditions.) f. i2 a/ C- P- J( V
¡¡¡¡(D) Regions most affected by desertification.
/ D5 q: v. f2 n6 c5 K( `/ C! S¡¡¡¡40. (A) It receives more nutrients than it can absorb.7 C" T6 A9 e; \
¡¡¡¡(B) It becomes oversaturated with water.
4 }& [6 F* h/ p. u¡¡¡¡(C) It loses the ability to support insect life.
6 t' J6 e2 L1 Y+ v& E6 ?¡¡¡¡(D) It loses nutrients that aren't replaced.
1 X- W8 T+ C# {* i9 b- \+ W$ M) @¡¡¡¡41. (A) Too many animals eating the plants in one small area.% m7 \+ D$ U! s- t4 U3 |3 u; \
¡¡¡¡(B) Planting too much vegetation in one small area.
8 w) ^4 |2 j B( S1 M# X¡¡¡¡(C) Too many people building houses in one small area.+ n) M6 B$ I5 I& g6 }) j9 O W
¡¡¡¡(D) Bringing together the wrong kinds of animals and plants.' [! d1 r5 f/ I" N" j
¡¡¡¡42. (A) The animals overfertilize the soil.
+ y1 @8 F; x- @$ S! Y& {0 ^, u¡¡¡¡(B) Dead plant roots can't hold the soil together.
4 {, H! }2 N6 @* h. ]¡¡¡¡(C) The wrong types of plants are left standing.
) T" t, f" F8 Q$ j2 L¡¡¡¡(D) There is a buildup of plant and animal matter., @) t) {. ]$ f6 L, M9 H+ Q
¡¡¡¡43. (A) It can cause flooding in an
; R. a9 d0 j6 [! }; z S3 S- ~¡¡¡¡(B) It can carry diseases that affect animals.
8 h3 ~8 ?' Y$ k¡¡¡¡(C) It can introduce too much salt into the soil.
. |6 u' C, a! y+ y3 y5 w¡¡¡¡(D) It can divert water from important crops.
6 L! I: x& @+ Y V/ W1 }* O+ C¡¡¡¡44. (A) A possible explanation for why green turtles nest in certain locations.- J3 O6 d3 W: [8 o% Q9 _
¡¡¡¡(B) Physical differences among various groups of green turtles.
$ n* H8 l2 [& n4 z& H" Q¡¡¡¡(C) Several examples of mating behavior in green turtles.
- Z) a6 \3 l6 _# q4 K# b7 |¡¡¡¡(D) The impact of continental drift on the diet of green turtles.
' J- N* y8 X( i D4 d: ~% H¡¡¡¡45. (A) Teach their young how to swim.
# T( f- y/ {- _4 U- K) Y( O0 K& m¡¡¡¡(B) Mate and lay eggs.5 u! n& s( b6 L
¡¡¡¡(C) Hide from predators.; V; o" b* l# r7 n- l0 ]
¡¡¡¡(D) Eat different kinds of fish.( P& E$ W7 X0 r4 U5 B- X
¡¡¡¡46. (A) Its geography is similar to Brazil's.; `5 p. D% r. H& v7 @
¡¡¡¡(B) Their instinct leads them to the place they were hatched.( q' O' w ]' L. n0 s- c* q3 }: C
¡¡¡¡(C) There are other species of turtles located there.
2 m6 g- A5 p% I¡¡¡¡(D) Its climate is milder than Brazil's.$ o2 P G6 t( m2 G
¡¡¡¡47. (A) To discover how long their ancestors lived.
7 Y9 v: G, m/ Y: h1 g2 H¡¡¡¡(B) To analyze how their appearance has evolved.
9 h- \% q" c8 D+ Z3 T( Z$ s¡¡¡¡(C) To find out how a disease has spread: _$ ^# u, c% n) ^
¡¡¡¡(D) To determine how closely groups of turtles are related.
2 A: f2 ]# F1 }+ U¡¡¡¡48. (A) To demonstrate George Washington's survival skills.4 w) g/ R+ ^) z# Z" Q1 A; F
¡¡¡¡(B) To show that some stories about famous people may be historically inaccurate.# I+ M* ^2 h, }+ r' z+ s
¡¡¡¡(C) To describe a historical event that was portrayed in a painting.# S i$ G- D" j# E
¡¡¡¡(D) To tell a story that George Washington told about himself.
7 A% v& ?: c# q7 O¡¡¡¡49. (A) She led her tribe to victory against the colonists
4 J& o- A+ s9 f5 `2 H2 `, f( U¡¡¡¡(B) She was considered to be extremely beautiful.8 V6 l" O' ?5 P; d
¡¡¡¡(C) She created popular American Indian art.
u, g, G$ D# D¡¡¡¡(D) She helped establish peace between her tribe and the colonists& j9 A0 b) _5 W: \% z
¡¡¡¡50. (A) They have only recently been discovered.: i4 g- \) Z$ N3 e5 H+ b* c
¡¡¡¡(B) They were painted by the colonists who knew her.8 q5 e9 m q3 H* F) e2 [8 s
¡¡¡¡(C) Most of them portray her as a child.% u# A U$ U& }; T3 _$ B7 f N0 s
¡¡¡¡(D) They might not reflect her true appearance.) x1 P: v" f6 H7 S3 c
¡¡¡¡Section Two: Structure and Written Expression# u7 a0 T( k: n8 B
¡¡¡¡1. crumbles readily when exposed to a moist, acid atmosphere, but the stone is durable in a dry atmosphere.
7 v d) Q! R4 s5 h* Y' K+ W¡¡¡¡(A) The surface of marble is
% {1 q8 [. T: u4 `" Q¡¡¡¡(B) The surface of marble, which# z" c% d$ l& y& |0 s3 `
¡¡¡¡(C) Although the surface of marble
* i. o$ p% {8 n¡¡¡¡(D) The surface of marble
/ `: \0 u- ^; H& C+ Y# S' I& U¡¡¡¡2. By using their trunks, elephants can tell the shape of an object and is rough or smooth, or hot or cold.4 [- `# |) _5 ^$ L' E% E& _- f, x
¡¡¡¡(A) it+ A9 b$ F2 d* y, m4 D+ Y. S/ ^
¡¡¡¡(B) whether it
5 [7 `/ S- J' n8 C& a0 A¡¡¡¡(C) how0 V" H+ R* J9 g# E* a
¡¡¡¡(D) since it, C# }1 b2 j4 \: o, C
¡¡¡¡3. In 1989 Carret Hongo was chosen as for the Pulitzer Prize in poetry./ [. K9 ~ z/ x
¡¡¡¡(A) his being one of the finalists+ p: J+ u# E/ T) C; f
¡¡¡¡(B) to be one of the finalists8 V q, U, K/ e/ h+ _& F
¡¡¡¡(C) one of the finalists+ }( j4 ]7 n% I" \& N& H
¡¡¡¡(D) the one finalist who5 }/ r9 s e* r
¡¡¡¡4. The Moon is much closer to Earth is the Sun, and thus it had greater influence on the tides.- K8 U! z1 S9 [' N8 d' G
¡¡¡¡(A) unlike; q1 u) v5 J$ y3 t1 _, T( P6 R
¡¡¡¡(B) than
5 C" p v, i. w5 k3 w¡¡¡¡(C) but5 [& J$ F6 j* w& w7 K5 i
¡¡¡¡(D) where
. H" N# s7 n. h5 d¡¡¡¡5. The brain of an average adult is one of the largest organs of the body, about three pounds.
1 {$ S7 @6 g. X, J8 C2 E# Z¡¡¡¡(A) weighs
7 N/ h0 r# N4 `' z¡¡¡¡(B) is weighed
. l" U) O# P4 b9 b* `- `¡¡¡¡(C) weighing, P# e& R# t. R' D- c4 U! T
¡¡¡¡(D) to weigh it
0 ]8 v2 n1 o' }4 g c2 V0 P/ M) k¡¡¡¡6. Throughout history different representations for numbers and for the basic process of counting.2 q" H2 T b; c; F* |
¡¡¡¡(A) have been many( a$ L" I& ^- z; @. r7 k$ P
¡¡¡¡(B) there have been many
* g1 L" Z( b w' ^( I¡¡¡¡(C) many4 e& z, t& e! d' G
¡¡¡¡(D) when many
$ B1 }* S! h l y8 H7 u; I9 [) u¡¡¡¡7. Democratic governments constantly face the problem of balancing the individual with the needs of society.9 a' I7 r6 z; F
¡¡¡¡(A) the rights of: n `% J9 E$ \
¡¡¡¡(B) to the rights for
. z' e. K5 s$ F x, U1 s¡¡¡¡(C) for the rights to
i0 k4 H5 W" ~/ q¡¡¡¡(D) with the rights by
+ C8 z' S( @# ~) u5 g- F¡¡¡¡8. Connecticut was the fifth of the original thirteen states the Constitution of the United States.
7 b0 n& I& n `: z" U7 ]) c+ D7 ~- O¡¡¡¡(A) ratified
) |% |( m8 T! T4 a8 L& S¡¡¡¡(B) ratify; L6 K) w' B0 x8 e
¡¡¡¡(C) to ratify( T2 Z6 V) e3 _3 A* X; F
¡¡¡¡(D) have ratified
) J, P) U0 C. v ~; |& K% P¡¡¡¡9. The chemical composition of sandstone is the same as
! H$ V5 W! H1 @2 z& |" S) [( P+ g¡¡¡¡(A) that of sand: p) g& l9 f H- Q' `7 f) O1 Z
¡¡¡¡(B) that sand is
1 q3 R2 H* l" m9 o# j6 U4 m0 Q8 a¡¡¡¡(C) sand is that6 G1 K/ c, q9 S0 ^ V- h9 F; r
¡¡¡¡(D) what of sand. @, h+ v( q5 ~4 r$ l q3 k
¡¡¡¡10. Hydrofoils can exceed 75 miles per hour, as compared with conventional watercraft, whose maximum speeds approach 50 miles per hour./ W& J+ @+ g( X# z2 l% J# r0 H
¡¡¡¡(A) are rarely
9 U7 ~: H+ i1 ?( ?¡¡¡¡(B) rarely( k& M& ~' N" B" R
¡¡¡¡(C) of rarely
( r0 o& k" u/ {" v; J( o¡¡¡¡(D) they rarely
y$ B; }' E8 M. U) O% a¡¡¡¡11. It was novelist and poet in 1968 founded Jackson State University's Institute for the Study of the History, Life, and Culture of Black People.9 ?* }$ s/ }+ e8 q. k% A: X: S
¡¡¡¡(A) Margaret Walker did; F) n4 w' `' o
¡¡¡¡(B) Margaret Walker
9 L2 K8 b, O; {, P$ x: S¡¡¡¡(C) Margaret Walker who7 v5 y; S) G8 [5 ^2 ~) P
¡¡¡¡(D) Margaret Walker and j6 Q' N: T2 o- x! _) M9 ?" j- ~
¡¡¡¡12. Before the Europeans arrived, American Indians were using virgin copper into ornaments, knives, and other artifacts.8 `4 f" @4 u- y, n( w0 {/ s* G
¡¡¡¡(A) Which was hammering: X3 {! ?0 n! O+ d. C& _" H* s* y5 N
¡¡¡¡(B) which hammered
* y3 R. \) Y3 J" l4 J¡¡¡¡(C) was hammered9 X v1 s `# `: o8 s4 F% F) }' [ i2 n
¡¡¡¡(D) hammered
Y {6 P- Z) X, g1 j0 s$ [' D¡¡¡¡13. In western North America, form the Great Divide, which separates the areas from which waters flow either eastward to the Atlantic or westward to the Pacific.' ^: K4 x( M7 c5 f: k
¡¡¡¡(A) the Rocky Mountains
5 N& \2 S9 a* M1 c& i/ O+ R¡¡¡¡(B) where the Rocky Mountains( F1 x/ r9 C. _1 u0 \6 A& X! O. D7 i
¡¡¡¡(C) the Rocky Mountains in which& P; S) u* [0 {' u/ D" X5 s; G
¡¡¡¡(D) there are the Rocky Mountains
% ?3 C& n- k1 ~8 Z8 \3 D" {¡¡¡¡14. Some ecologists believe more than 50 percent of existing species will be lost in the next 100 years.
" @ A+ z9 F) F9 }7 y¡¡¡¡(A) because4 N" i/ N- h7 N- m6 }2 t
¡¡¡¡(B) that
0 Q# ^* }, h; X8 V¡¡¡¡(C) while there is
- N1 l P9 l$ ~' ?¡¡¡¡(D) that there are1 U) s/ M: z% a: }
¡¡¡¡15. Almost substances expand in volume when heated and contract when cooled.
$ b. X* P2 q/ d5 C$ j( b [¡¡¡¡(A) all8 N _4 w# Y7 C1 ]
¡¡¡¡(B) they all, b" l/ ~9 W; Q& |4 @$ T0 |
¡¡¡¡(C) all of5 z8 L- \1 D6 Z
¡¡¡¡(D) all are
3 S) v- q2 Q3 ^6 |6 o¡¡¡¡16. A children's librarian often conducts story hours and other activities to help children- E7 r& _# h: ]" v) R
¡¡¡¡A B
1 r" x" t/ V" t: B& n( o* T/ X¡¡¡¡enjoy herself while developing an interest in reading and the library's resources.
B4 w4 N0 m5 y) l¡¡¡¡C D
1 N( ~* C9 h$ z/ k¡¡¡¡17. Titanium has the strength of steel but weighs half only as much, hence its advantage
1 d3 P( ?* |6 g$ f& Q$ X+ `¡¡¡¡A B C4 D( l. O9 H! e* L
¡¡¡¡for use in aircraft.
6 v; |5 x( t @9 Z+ t! @) z¡¡¡¡D: ]3 F9 U3 i! B7 K) D* m
¡¡¡¡18. Protective behaviors of amphibians include hiding in the presence of danger and3 Y6 w0 Q; F" ?3 s% N7 N
¡¡¡¡A B
! T6 `9 A9 _5 |+ f¡¡¡¡having coloration such closely matching the environment that the animal is not- a% I" ^$ }' J/ i9 Y
¡¡¡¡C D; f; e$ W2 q) C R/ Z7 \9 Q
¡¡¡¡obvious.! `* @4 ]& |7 [! `3 e- X
¡¡¡¡19. As the highest-paid star of the silent screen, earning a reputedly income of $20, 000: ]4 P- f$ l7 \
¡¡¡¡A B C1 f; t7 f! D1 f& O' y+ a
¡¡¡¡a week, Gloria Swanson epitomized the glamour of Hollywood in the 1920's.! U8 b! ~6 N/ }! T
¡¡¡¡D j7 ]% o- e) d9 x1 @5 |
¡¡¡¡20. Candles may be made by repeatedly dipping wicks in tallow, by molding, nor by
: `0 k- O: _1 g9 [¡¡¡¡A B
" V' p* t: [' e. q/ s* s$ D# }¡¡¡¡pouring melted wax over the wicks and rolling them into shape.
" F) ^5 M) K0 E, v) c¡¡¡¡C D% i) x# y# ]0 b V9 u% Y& L
¡¡¡¡21. While models of automobiles date back as far as the late 1600's, the 1880's, B" l6 [7 D2 l- S! Q( W& X' u7 Y2 p
¡¡¡¡A B
. j' k5 f! v4 Z, s# F) _! f¡¡¡¡seen the first commercial interest in the vehicle.
2 a1 B7 C/ m) g9 R4 A& N8 y¡¡¡¡C D7 [* H- {; w& r" c
¡¡¡¡22. The conceptual of musical harmony is generally traced to the ninth century because
: K8 D2 ~2 L; O9 H2 V1 w4 d# W+ J¡¡¡¡A B C2 v. b& o/ E8 a+ p4 {* T
¡¡¡¡it is first mentioned in treatises of that period.( n5 w1 p3 b- E
¡¡¡¡D& G8 O7 `$ J8 z# O8 w( {
¡¡¡¡23. Palcontologists have examined fossil embryos and hatchlings from three type of9 ]/ u* q; v; @" Z4 P. f4 `
¡¡¡¡A B C; N: `8 t! {& h3 h9 m2 \# H
¡¡¡¡duck-billed dinosaurs to figure out how they matured.3 @2 V" }+ I& t0 X7 ]* U% K0 P
¡¡¡¡D
5 T, n+ O/ [( u/ c4 l¡¡¡¡24. Lightning tends to strike the nearest good conductor, and hence often strikes
% y: D" ~+ O! F! a. R¡¡¡¡A B
# m( Z/ R: t2 ?0 J4 p¡¡¡¡in same place more than once.% o$ C) F6 w3 z/ e
¡¡¡¡C D; T- ]6 W3 M1 P: E1 s8 F- H* G' j
¡¡¡¡25. When study different cultures and societies, anthropologists often focus on marriage0 A: |! h9 A7 \
¡¡¡¡A B
1 S; _9 k9 C! | t¡¡¡¡as a contractual agreement between different parties.
+ G! Z! A4 O$ c% O1 j- k1 d* H/ E- O¡¡¡¡C D
7 j5 f/ Y6 I9 c1 g3 b' {¡¡¡¡26. The first piloted balloon flight across the Atlantic Ocean took place at 1978.2 r9 m: D- K6 h0 h$ {( G
¡¡¡¡A B C D
# O9 j' e4 X: f' Y7 e1 n1 O/ W Z¡¡¡¡27. The Arts and Crafts Movement of the late nineteenth century strove to revitalizing6 a5 r7 z: C& y
¡¡¡¡A
* i+ ]8 A: ^5 E+ n¡¡¡¡handicrafts and applied arts during an era of increasing mass production.
& l& ]& M0 c3 {( c. z: T" g¡¡¡¡B C D4 l0 c1 \* M" p. c
¡¡¡¡28. When canned using proper methods, food suffers no loss in vitamins or another
4 k3 }% ^) O `5 l¡¡¡¡A B C D
/ P7 w8 y2 _9 T- s4 `¡¡¡¡nutritive elements.9 L; K7 \2 D, ^
¡¡¡¡29. Heat exhaustion is causing by excessive loss of body fluids and body salts.
, G+ f" p4 u& I/ V6 q g( p¡¡¡¡A B C D
6 a0 U3 g9 U+ _ z¡¡¡¡30. Primitive humans probably did not deliberately cook food until long after they had: Y, R$ d2 ]- ?0 J
¡¡¡¡A B
8 }# J, e/ z5 i8 ?7 x7 K¡¡¡¡learned to use fire for light and warm.0 m* _( d0 m% s; X
¡¡¡¡C D
0 g) ~& x8 _( U7 ~4 b6 s¡¡¡¡31. The poor condition of prisoners are what concerned Dorothea Dix, an American
' A+ q3 L E8 i2 v¡¡¡¡A B C" J. E6 B2 [& q+ B/ h, @/ P
¡¡¡¡social worker and director of a school in Boston.) Z2 u9 s' S# r X& M# i
¡¡¡¡D
% }, N6 H$ a; H& V0 Z+ b0 `¡¡¡¡32. Found in the shells of lobsters, shrimp, and crabs, glucosamine is also present5 ^) k) E5 p$ Z' D& } B
¡¡¡¡A B C' W0 g' e; R" s6 i3 q/ H( u% h
¡¡¡¡in human cartilage, which covering the bones in joints.
. C( J8 ?, Y" c; P, k7 q¡¡¡¡D0 c- k* K' I! M. Q
¡¡¡¡33. Between 1871 until 1891, the population of Toronto more than tripled, increasing
! _% z" Z" w" e6 C p! y¡¡¡¡A B C
K' o! s& J5 m" h4 `¡¡¡¡from 56,000 to 181,000.9 g5 P- Z& J9 Y
¡¡¡¡D
* L3 w/ d8 C1 D8 D @$ k7 f6 i¡¡¡¡34. In the nineteenth century, Montreal grew into an important transportation and
0 @" U& a5 i2 Q6 Z/ W7 D' N+ S: z! U¡¡¡¡A B
5 k( p+ D% [. i, m F¡¡¡¡industrial center, aided by its many natural resources and an abundant of* I! o7 }/ {: g
¡¡¡¡C D" u, z5 _$ W3 ^! _3 N7 w" A
¡¡¡¡hydroelectric power.
2 t8 p$ ]# B1 b$ X; s, v! ` Z¡¡¡¡35. In the initial planning for theaters, auditoriums, but any room intended primarily
+ b( Z: U+ T1 ^( M. q¡¡¡¡A B C: F0 Y" Z0 h0 w) N0 p" f( |
¡¡¡¡for listening, acoustics is a major consideration.3 [. v, K$ [$ s( T) U/ F+ U7 p
¡¡¡¡D
; {6 N6 i1 k8 ?3 Y4 |* m( U; R# E¡¡¡¡36. The pulse that may be felt wherever an artery passes over a solid structure, such as
( Q t6 O6 \+ ~) J, B2 B¡¡¡¡A B C, M# n9 k* Q0 U% w8 w' n7 w5 g
¡¡¡¡a bone or cartilage.$ E" A0 E# B; c8 `4 B% B
¡¡¡¡D
8 K8 ]8 b; e! j" I8 a¡¡¡¡37. Through his essays, poems, and lectures, Ralph Waldo Emerson established himself
9 d0 i6 s/ G$ V7 i; _( [. T¡¡¡¡A B) X5 ?, B- N' O! N
¡¡¡¡as a major thinker of his time and as a figure leading of American literature.
0 ?. x; Z- |7 i1 W1 I, d0 T¡¡¡¡C D
3 O) q+ B/ n5 ~9 k( m2 O W¡¡¡¡38. The "method", which is both a style of acting a system of training for the actor,& A; {7 A+ K2 H& d7 W$ E5 _. [4 p
¡¡¡¡A B6 |- S; J4 V% G+ p
¡¡¡¡stresses inner motivation and psychological truth.
0 L$ M; L1 B' `4 t¡¡¡¡C D% I( p2 `7 e1 o8 H+ M9 y7 a
¡¡¡¡39. On September 6, 1996, civil rights activist Rosa Parks was awarded the Presidential {5 m3 o# h4 i6 j& x6 {. ?$ d
¡¡¡¡A B- n8 k0 J6 X2 W: g# |8 ~; H+ ~9 \
¡¡¡¡Medal of Freedom, the highest honor the United States government gives to civilian.
. f3 D8 N u2 D, J¡¡¡¡C D, L5 K2 Z+ F- W: Y& y+ y' J
¡¡¡¡40. Basalt, which composes most of the ocean floor, is a dark-grey rock rich in iron: v2 f" n# f0 o! ~
¡¡¡¡A B C D8 T0 D) n3 R$ X3 u. c5 m
¡¡¡¡and magnesium than most surface rocks.) i- l& n9 h' s( z( [
¡¡¡¡Section Three: Reading Comprehension' q/ ]+ ?# b( l3 ^
¡¡¡¡Question 1-101 a, c" ~- l% n: r3 s f/ V7 S- g
¡¡¡¡By far the most important United States export product in the eighteenth and4 b$ q% q' p2 Y$ u+ q
¡¡¡¡nineteenth centuries was cotton, favored by the European textile industry over flax or
. `1 z" C" Y N" u$ _( g¡¡¡¡wool because it was easy to process and soft to tile touch. Mechanization of spinning
& @& ?, D5 f, D1 C¡¡¡¡Line and weaving allowed significant centralization and expansion in the textile industry during
. x3 `5 l; }1 m- r¡¡¡¡5 this period, and at the same time the demand for cotton increased dramatically. American
# F. [7 |( W6 e¡¡¡¡producers were able to meet this demand largely because of tile invention of the cotton gin' v+ N2 J% D% J- Y/ s k& E$ ~
¡¡¡¡by Eli Whitney in 1793. Cotton could be grown throughout the South, but separating the
2 o2 W+ Z: ?# D8 }: |7 L¡¡¡¡fiber---or lint--from the seed was a laborious process. Sea island cotton was relatively
4 h9 c* M$ O, X7 J¡¡¡¡easy to process by hand, because its fibers were long and seeds were concentrated at the
k( x* p- g# j! b: s& ~3 f/ [. y¡¡¡¡10 base of the flower, but it demanded a long growing season, available only along the6 s/ l; O8 z5 n' m: ?) n5 \% v$ v2 M
¡¡¡¡nation's eastern seacoast. Short-staple cotton required a much shorter growing season,5 \4 t7 r, O7 E+ h% M& k
¡¡¡¡but the shortness of the fibers and their mixture with seeds meant that a worker could# a1 R/ i0 v0 J3 P
¡¡¡¡hand-process only about one pound per day. Whitney's gin was a hand-powered machine
3 b9 e' Y) Y' @! N6 r) n1 Y+ B# Y¡¡¡¡with revolving drums and metal teeth to pull cotton fibers away from seeds. Using the gin,/ q* C; _5 R6 y5 }2 W& H W
¡¡¡¡15 a worker could produce up to '50 pounds of lint a day. The later development of larger
: k* x9 w" f: X J6 h¡¡¡¡gins, powered by horses, water, or steam, multiplied productivity further.
" i( k1 i, D2 N6 f¡¡¡¡The interaction of improved processing and high demand led to the rapid spread of0 u' }" P, F: A2 i
¡¡¡¡the cultivation of cotton and to a surge in production. It became the main American
; h) }* J+ V" {# e* j B' N¡¡¡¡export, dwarfing all others. In 1802, cotton composed 14 percent of total American1 l) X9 j( `% \1 \: S' S- n7 B( G
¡¡¡¡20 exports by value. Cotton had a 36 percent share by 1810 and over a 50 percent share( ]7 }$ U+ ^- W; p5 e& |% @! k
¡¡¡¡in 1830. In 1860, 61 percent of the value of American exports was represented by cotton.9 X; }& E/ |# M* {7 |) x
¡¡¡¡In contrast, wheat and wheat flour composed only 6 percent of the value of American
5 u4 q/ u7 j. u! `) V" e¡¡¡¡exports in that year. Clearly, cotton was king in the trade of the young republic. The
! F, f; E* T7 i# _2 m: l¡¡¡¡growing market for cotton and other American agricultural products led to an4 w7 C, [: B/ T2 ^3 M$ \
¡¡¡¡25 unprecedented expansion of agricultural settlement, mostly in the eastern half of the y: L7 T+ k' q; m" _" u
¡¡¡¡United States---west of the Appalachian Mountains and east of the Mississippi River.6 e$ V) q& g q, e8 E8 ]
¡¡¡¡1. The main point of the passage is that the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries were a time when( i/ c7 H _; B2 C- J
¡¡¡¡(A) the European textile industry increased its demand for American export products( ~% a3 k# Y' I; w
¡¡¡¡(B) mechanization of spinning and weaving dramatically changed the textile industry8 @8 |. |0 L8 t7 Y1 j, P& P
¡¡¡¡(C) cotton became a profitable crop but was still time-consuming to process
$ e: L K; M0 Y- S$ Z¡¡¡¡(D) cotton became the most important American export product# Y+ l) N w, R2 t
¡¡¡¡2. The word "favored" in line 2 is closest in meaning to
# U$ t+ X, _1 i) y* C¡¡¡¡(A) preferred
! R/ ]) i6 Z" ]" Z7 j: I( ~# N' ^¡¡¡¡(B) recommended
: K' J! `- P7 W: v$ s¡¡¡¡(C) imported7 [* j0 i7 @ n+ T) m
¡¡¡¡(D) included: R6 R' S0 d$ s! g, m$ }) J ?; e
¡¡¡¡3. All of the following are mentioned in the passage as reasons for the increased demand for
( {) O4 C9 X8 H$ f6 k¡¡¡¡cotton EXCEPT
- j* O o* W* s7 B4 V/ s¡¡¡¡(A) cotton's softness# v [; K6 d- y9 A* G
¡¡¡¡(B) cotton's ease of processing
6 A/ N! J m/ m¡¡¡¡(C) a shortage of flax and wool
' [0 w! ^7 m" \) v) }- d¡¡¡¡(D) the growth that occurred in the textile industry.% Z0 t: D6 Z7 r' V; J
¡¡¡¡4. The word "laborious" in line 8 is closest in meaning to9 \3 | C% b% Y/ f" I0 s4 |% V
¡¡¡¡(A) unfamiliar
* |. p6 d) c7 [; f, V- [¡¡¡¡(B) primitive5 b/ H0 l- z7 A" v2 |
¡¡¡¡(C) skilled
4 U2 u. @5 ~( z/ z/ W( @¡¡¡¡(D) difficult" d% m" G# o' a+ Z! S! ?# a: A8 w
¡¡¡¡5. According to the passage, one advantage of sea island cotton was its
/ e K+ `/ z' K2 D/ F% }¡¡¡¡(A) abundance of seeds
9 z8 {; t2 J, C- j* }: A¡¡¡¡(B) long fibers
) C0 q( Y& \" p# i3 B/ s* k¡¡¡¡(C) long growing season
- b* y1 O* b$ P' ]- @, {( K¡¡¡¡(D) adaptability to different climates
, U u( K! N6 v' h2 G¡¡¡¡6. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about cotton production in the United
9 H/ m2 d7 }# i6 J1 x4 P4 I¡¡¡¡States after the introduction of Whitney's cotton gin?+ Q7 ]6 Z& o; r ]( x% J0 S; T x
¡¡¡¡(A) More cotton came from sea island cotton plants than before.6 q. y9 }- w+ c7 O3 T, x
¡¡¡¡(B) More cotton came from short-staple cotton plants than before.
# r$ M N1 W* G1 T" L¡¡¡¡(C) Most cotton produced was sold domestically.
5 k& z# H4 W/ c¡¡¡¡(D) Most cotton produced was exported to England., R* B: u% E( N
¡¡¡¡7. The word "surge" in line 18 is closest in meaning to
2 ~% W& z- [/ i3 _, z* ~" i¡¡¡¡(A) sharp increase1 R8 R& v, R: G; J# ^( X
¡¡¡¡(B) sudden stop
# g( O+ Y u1 ^: l' R¡¡¡¡(C) important change9 X% O9 U6 m6 l9 r$ z
¡¡¡¡(D) excess amount
c- b4 ~& a- Q7 X& j' F¡¡¡¡8. The author mentions "wheat and wheat flour" in line 22 in order to
; W* O; [: V. ^5 w, q¡¡¡¡(A) show that Americans exported more agricultural products than they imported.3 J/ }+ x8 D8 s' `
¡¡¡¡(B) show the increase in the amount of wheat products exported.3 j: W5 }; M s7 ~. O" D& \
¡¡¡¡(C) demonstrate the importance of cotton among American export products.
2 K+ l4 Y% S" C¡¡¡¡(D) demonstrate that wheat farming was becoming more profitable.- H, d' _( \* q
¡¡¡¡9. The word "unprecedented" in line 25 is closest in meaning to
, ~# l2 O7 [9 {( f ] k2 Z¡¡¡¡(A) slow* t. O* e& d/ u, a1 S; G) G
¡¡¡¡(B) profitable/ x/ m2 i& i! q- j5 }# h( S
¡¡¡¡(C) not seen before
0 N# @6 x1 W( W( f, }4 I) O¡¡¡¡(D) never explained- A) H; R1 E4 }$ H, S9 S
¡¡¡¡10. According to the passage, the Mississippi River was
) ]# F: f) j, I% E# P2 M. T! _¡¡¡¡(A) one of the boundaries of a region where new agricultural settlement took place
0 b7 N; P7 | k¡¡¡¡(B) a major source of water for agricultural crops. j+ H4 G- j4 v- W* E4 R" K" H
¡¡¡¡(C) the primary route by which agricultural crops were transported9 h# e) P2 b. Q, J; r
¡¡¡¡(D) a main source of power for most agricultural machinery& T/ c0 r! L$ V% j' u" h
¡¡¡¡Question 11-19
' T! [- L( l) V6 G¡¡¡¡The origins of nest-building remain obscure, but current observation of nest-building7 e6 t2 D! ~/ e; N7 [$ x+ _
¡¡¡¡activities provide evidence of their evolution. Clues to this evolutionary process can be
& Y4 o6 t. Z5 Y8 c% c¡¡¡¡found in the activities of play and in the behavior and movements of birds during mating,
& Q, E" W+ S" M7 Z- q¡¡¡¡Line such as incessant pulling at strips of vegetation or scraping of the soil. During the early. d4 i' z, M X. w. B* {
¡¡¡¡5 days of the reproductive cycle, the birds seem only to play with the building materials. In
9 _+ ^# |% K" m7 W& Y9 n: L¡¡¡¡preparation for mating, they engage in activities that resemble nest-building, and continue
. q& s" c% F' ^7 f¡¡¡¡these activities throughout and even after the mating cycle. Effective attempts at construction
$ x$ o$ ]( _! P) u9 j2 k: E' t¡¡¡¡occur only after mating.
; A1 [5 R- [5 r" ?¡¡¡¡Although nest-building is an instinctive ability, there is considerable adaptability in5 G0 O; D( s6 x
¡¡¡¡10 both site selection and use of materials, especially with those species which build quite
4 i* ^- q0 M$ J8 E¡¡¡¡elaborate constructions. Furthermore, some element of learning is often evident since% R9 E" s$ s3 e- u$ E' }
¡¡¡¡younger birds do not build as well as their practiced elders. Young ravens, for example,* e5 ~( w# U# @; [/ M
¡¡¡¡first attempt to build with sticks of quite unsuitable size, while a jackdaw's first nest1 i; y8 A# c9 w% ?% Q# n% Q
¡¡¡¡includes virtually any movable object. The novelist John Steinbeck recorded the contents M, L( Z! V9 m2 v: u, e j
¡¡¡¡15 of a young osprey nest built in his garden, which included three shirts, a bath towel, and4 r: f# z/ O& y- U" z3 |8 g
¡¡¡¡one arrow.
[1 Q1 _9 m9 b8 g$ s¡¡¡¡Birds also display remarkable behavior in collecting building materials. Crows have/ Q; `# ^; V1 ]8 r5 F
¡¡¡¡been seen to tear off stout green twigs, and sparrowhawks will dive purposefully onto a0 a, U& f' o- W4 G
¡¡¡¡branch until it snaps and then hang upside down to break it off. Golden eagles, over% {( t! v g' r3 z5 T
¡¡¡¡20 generations of work, construct enormous nests. One of these, examined after it had been
9 C# m' a; |" b) ^: l, r1 s( q! x+ x" b¡¡¡¡dislodged by high winds, weighed almost two tons and included foundation branches+ n2 ^! ^' s; K! _3 n
¡¡¡¡almost two meters long. The carrying capacity of the eagles, however, is only relative to
- T4 D: s/ @3 @; L& P" v9 v, Y' U¡¡¡¡their size ant1 most birds are able to carry an extra load of just over twenty percent of their) A. y V( s' t
¡¡¡¡body weight. |
|