|
¡¡¡¡1. (A) She'll type the man's paper for him.% n; x7 \! T" o
¡¡¡¡(B)The computer won't be available immediately.
2 v; q- d+ g5 f' w¡¡¡¡(C) The man should be more patient.& Z. Q- j6 H! }. c
¡¡¡¡(D) She doesn't want the man to use her computer.
& R' ^. Q4 J5 C8 D; E¡¡¡¡2. (A) Read the woman's letter.% L% I$ `" ~( E; W: R: `9 ~
¡¡¡¡(B) Visit Jeff in Alaska.
* L; H6 {: F# q4 h. y¡¡¡¡(C) Write to Jeff.- |' [6 K1 F8 e
¡¡¡¡(D) Mail a letter for the woman.
+ r( S2 ]: k6 p¡¡¡¡3. (A) He went to the library twice to look for the book.
) D" ]7 D/ U( c9 I¡¡¡¡(B) He already returned the book to a library out of town.
6 [7 L; e! G( [' N2 B¡¡¡¡(C) He called the library to say the book would be overdue.4 D! e8 z \! ^* e9 B- |( w3 t
¡¡¡¡(D) He couldn't return the library book because he was away.
6 j, j; K" R* _2 l! ~¡¡¡¡4. (A) Where the midterm exam was held.' `% d- F }. D S
¡¡¡¡(B) Where she can see the results of the midterm exam.5 P8 L) q6 s$ f9 a
¡¡¡¡(C) Where she can buy a copy of the chemistry textbook,9 P+ v: X4 p! y9 ~) X7 X
¡¡¡¡(D) Where the chemistry study group meets.
% O( `& Z6 F C. _: `$ `6 i; e¡¡¡¡5. (A) He'll ask the driver for help with the
* w* W7 B, T9 R( a4 I¡¡¡¡luggage." J8 J2 v/ i j* d0 r
¡¡¡¡(B) He doesn't mind driving by himself.9 I; d& @# y- I! |3 H k' \& v' l
¡¡¡¡(C) He doesn't have much luggage.
2 T" p D) c! {* x¡¡¡¡(D) He'd like the woman to drive him.
- f8 z# @- U- }4 e a5 Q/ F¡¡¡¡6. (A) The suit is out of style.
2 P+ s" D! M& c% S' @' y¡¡¡¡(B) The suit is more appropriate for the occasion.% u+ g$ `) P6 R# r7 J" }$ r
¡¡¡¡(C) The woman looks better in blue than in black.% |3 [" h3 }+ T7 y2 `3 D
¡¡¡¡(D) The suit doesn't fit the woman well.
+ h$ F8 A: [: u9 G5 z¡¡¡¡7. (A) Writing her thesis was easier than she thought it would be.
1 a3 X$ G' J! }9 b0 w t¡¡¡¡(B) She intends to work on her thesis during her vacation.3 e4 v* ~9 ^1 k8 ^5 |' h- b B
¡¡¡¡(C) She intentionally chose an easy topic to write about.. |8 U9 Q2 u3 e" k3 n4 M
¡¡¡¡(D) She plans to spend some time relaxing.) ^5 e% p( G7 C) n+ h
¡¡¡¡8. (A) He hasn't had a chance to meet Kathy yet3 Z+ a& m1 H4 j2 s
¡¡¡¡(B) Kathy had already told him the news& ^, ]+ S: d$ \: W
¡¡¡¡(C) He didn't know that Kathy was being moved.
+ V" s7 e* b" G5 z* o }# E5 M3 `# T¡¡¡¡(D) His new office will be located in New York.. `' w8 {& M2 g# b: m; B; \6 Y
¡¡¡¡9. (A) She'd like the man to visit her.% v, z: Z6 E) ~) N6 l: e4 L
¡¡¡¡(B) She can help the man clean up.2 G" t1 n% p- C( R) n% c2 e
¡¡¡¡(C) She left her room on time this morning.
! W( {+ {0 j9 p8 ^* k¡¡¡¡(D) She hasn't cleaned her room either.
+ k V/ ]9 N; k6 y" P¡¡¡¡10. (A) He doesn't know what's wrong with the computer,. t o/ q! g3 N/ {
¡¡¡¡(B) The woman misunderstood what he said.
9 e) l- C" Z3 m0 F) }0 P& K¡¡¡¡(C) The problem is different from what he thought it was& e1 V. t! L0 v0 q( M+ Y
¡¡¡¡(D) The computer cannot be repaired. G" N& C5 I# S& H A; ^- W' L/ |
¡¡¡¡11. (A) She didn't see it. S, i4 M" _: | J5 G: E: v
¡¡¡¡(B) It had nothing to do with politics.
9 ^0 {; H5 e5 \3 ?! P4 @¡¡¡¡(C) Some people wouldn't find it interesting.5 p/ A7 u6 w9 H$ H( L
¡¡¡¡(D) The man ought to watch it again
! J1 b! S2 h4 y! \¡¡¡¡12. (A) He doesn't feel well enough to exercise
6 e$ I5 h! J/ e9 F* P" N8 @¡¡¡¡(B) He prefers to exercise in the morning.
; u5 m7 Z1 U. ], `% \¡¡¡¡(C) He accepts the woman's invitation.: y. U5 A" ?1 V6 U+ [9 f
¡¡¡¡(D) He doesn't like to exercise in cold weather.
" Z) R/ f# U. u [2 P! m8 {¡¡¡¡13. (A) Change the topic of her research project.
& ~; m" z1 P [3 N9 t3 Y9 ~¡¡¡¡(B) Sign up for a different political science course.
0 c( m E* \0 v4 _6 h7 U- K: _¡¡¡¡(C) Ask Mary to help her choose a topic.
" S6 b, F, B% P7 f o |+ L¡¡¡¡(D) Take a class together with Mary.
5 o! k* g/ T$ z$ q¡¡¡¡14. (A) Send the man to a store that sells cassettes.+ c) f9 o1 [$ Z' V% z
¡¡¡¡(B) Borrow a blank cassette from her friends.
1 `7 Y6 x: t. O" t¡¡¡¡(C) Sell the man one of her cassettes y& j$ R+ `5 x3 K
¡¡¡¡(D) Purchase some extra cassettes
, ^/ V- M% T7 e8 G¡¡¡¡15. (A) The books were sent out late.
. A1 I- n' Z1 [ ?6 s1 M6 t: ^¡¡¡¡(B) The books were sent to the wrong place.& F5 G5 X6 M1 J" _* h. n8 @# I
¡¡¡¡(C) He didn't mind helping the woman move.
2 T: N7 P; X/ G1 i: M S' F¡¡¡¡(D) He doesn't know the woman's new address.7 `& ^: I( N6 c# w
¡¡¡¡16. (A) Let him borrow her heavy jacket.# S7 Q6 r) F+ o# `6 E. }
¡¡¡¡(B) Stay in her car if the weather is too cold.
2 L. V( \" h2 ?¡¡¡¡(C) Leave campus in a couple of hours.2 {, {0 i8 M2 n% _% q, B% P6 h. D
¡¡¡¡(D) Be prepared for the possibility of cooler weather./ o5 M1 h8 M; ^. ~1 Q& I
¡¡¡¡17.(A) The man was absent when she gave them to the glass.: {5 i% @: n3 h
¡¡¡¡(B) She'll give some of them to the class on Wednesday.
0 h) j; g' o& q¡¡¡¡(C) She has no more of them to give to the man.
5 _1 H7 k& |5 f& T¡¡¡¡(D) The man must do many more of them to pass the test.
3 y" ? `* p+ ^# K* u, C¡¡¡¡8 (A) She has never had a class with Professor Smith.$ m7 b+ }$ C0 f" P% Z
¡¡¡¡(B) She's surprised the man is taking a history class.
+ ~; O+ {* Y* Q0 f! D¡¡¡¡(C) The assignment must be finished by 3 o'clock.5 i8 K. k- `8 v5 i/ o7 b/ Q
¡¡¡¡(O) Professor Smith's classes are very demanding." L( b. f, c. |$ p+ K8 T
¡¡¡¡19. (A) She'll return the questionnaire soon." B! E4 w: w7 |7 d0 i9 D% p
¡¡¡¡(B) The first question is optional.
: z: U: m! x% _$ C3 g* V¡¡¡¡(C) The man doesn't need to answer all the questions.
! v, w. z0 ^3 c w¡¡¡¡(D) The man doesn't need to submit a questionnaire.
3 i+ K ]" S$ k+ M¡¡¡¡20. (A) She doesn't like the painting.
3 }- ^5 f; d$ a" M: s K. _¡¡¡¡(B) She hasn't seen the man's office.9 T" s5 O8 }8 H6 P7 P' X" s
¡¡¡¡(C) She'll hang the painting on the wall.; G1 t9 _0 }: ^( q; I
¡¡¡¡(D)She doesn't know where to put the painting.2 I4 D0 y2 f; x; A
¡¡¡¡21. (A) He doesn't like to cook spaghetti sauce.) }9 Z1 Y! ?: @( i6 R
¡¡¡¡(B) He isn't careful when he's preparing food.
+ C4 L, v& l0 Z/ f/ @1 w8 e¡¡¡¡(C) He makes very good desserts.- R/ n0 c! D# t/ D
¡¡¡¡(D) He cooks for the Spanish club quite often." R/ ^2 O. ]5 h0 z4 S7 G- L
¡¡¡¡22. (A) She doesn't plan to continue studying next year.
; C, o, {& G3 L! Q¡¡¡¡(B) She recently visited a different university.
: B, o2 m! D* b `" X¡¡¡¡(C) She already told the man about her plans.8 }1 o4 }* o! |/ d, U8 O1 O- O
¡¡¡¡(D) She isn't planning to transfer to a different university.$ O R0 J0 K: `5 L3 J
¡¡¡¡23. (A) Start cleaning sooner.
9 C2 Z! p1 q" H, V( G¡¡¡¡(B) Hire a cleaning service.
1 k8 V+ F9 h" [- z6 a¡¡¡¡(C) Wait a while before giving another party.+ A, _- H S5 Y2 V* b
¡¡¡¡(D) Have his party at a different& N5 e g3 z, Z1 E' {2 x+ V
¡¡¡¡24. (A) She prefers to remain indoors.
3 Z# Z2 b% _/ u( n4 V4 M¡¡¡¡(B) She has the same allergies that the man has.
4 ]* t* _/ s" I' k+ U¡¡¡¡(C) She doesn't think the man is sincere.8 z3 w5 X6 L2 w: a; z' g5 N
¡¡¡¡(D) She doesn't understand what the man said.5 u; z+ I) r9 H* k5 ]: N
¡¡¡¡25. (A) He has invited many people to& H( m r9 V5 x
¡¡¡¡(B) He intentionally cooked a lot of soup.* P( O* B% ?+ b* N
¡¡¡¡(C) He doesn't like leftovers either.
8 G [% `2 Z) t1 R- H, ]9 n2 q¡¡¡¡(D) He used leftovers in the soup.
1 n! f" C) w& O- u4 c¡¡¡¡26. (A) She can't help the man make his decision& J& W, H$ G, q. Z- p0 k
¡¡¡¡(B) A bicycle isn't a safe method of transportation.
/ n. r# @5 h0 f; Z¡¡¡¡(C) The man doesn't need a new bicycle,; c& P! g2 t B# g7 |$ K9 K. W
¡¡¡¡(D) She doesn't know how to fix a bicycle,
3 z0 |7 i0 t4 q; |1 w% d¡¡¡¡27. (A) Ed is happy with his job.
/ L+ A4 E2 n0 E- y- r, |¡¡¡¡(B) Ed isn't as good a worker as the boss thinks.+ {$ C y; {$ x7 V4 r: I
¡¡¡¡(C) The boss plans to give Ed a raise in salary.2 V& Y$ e* y( S" ]& c7 I
¡¡¡¡(D) The boss hasn't treated
: I0 F6 ?+ P z8 ?¡¡¡¡28. (A) She left work after the man.' @' E5 n! }/ r% x3 x; E5 b
¡¡¡¡(B) She was unable to follow the man's directions.! X7 Q+ l4 o) @' D' ]
¡¡¡¡(C) It only rained in a small area.( z) j) w; I+ a
¡¡¡¡(D) She doesn't mind driving in2 f7 [2 l" b0 @9 r; B
¡¡¡¡29. (A) It isn't necessary to attend the lecture.
?1 T2 n$ B7 |# _¡¡¡¡(B) There isn't enough time to eat dessert1 F* q- U2 l5 n) k; c) q+ o) w
¡¡¡¡(C) Eating in the lecture hall is prohibited.8 m7 `9 \; P/ P& B3 g" o! }5 D
¡¡¡¡(D) The lecture probably won't start on time.9 x0 B1 ^) X4 M* Q! W0 O$ j
¡¡¡¡30. (A) She doesn't think that Oakville is very far.8 R' @2 ^% Y4 }$ Y
¡¡¡¡(B) She thinks the man misunderstood what he1 C( `: W$ Z$ u5 q
¡¡¡¡(C) She didn't know that Matthew planned to move to Oakville.3 `* p. [ s: B9 ~
¡¡¡¡(D) She wants to buy a car from Matthew.. \; `; i- V2 c, s9 H7 L" R
¡¡¡¡31. (A) They've lost their suitcases.
8 w) h' h' n# m5 v/ f7 Y¡¡¡¡(B) They can't find their dormitory.8 a" Z' q- y+ L) e" G
¡¡¡¡(C) Their dorm rooms have been given to other students.
$ ?; ~8 e* I5 U% F¡¡¡¡(D) They've missed the bus to their dormitory.( ~# F+ q! h7 |* X! x0 @4 n) I
¡¡¡¡32. (A) It has no bus service
# U W4 W P$ _' U) o3 a! L5 E/ O¡¡¡¡(B) It is small
. X+ y+ f- Y3 F4 w9 Q* Z% r, s¡¡¡¡(C) It is located outside of town.
4 [5 N& L& I! y! E7 }* Y5 G- M+ |¡¡¡¡(D) It is very hilly.
% z" w2 M% y" q! m1 [' P; p¡¡¡¡33. (A) It's far from the academic buildings.
3 |5 `* N# f; K% b- S# v¡¡¡¡(B) No buses go to it." \$ C2 K# \1 A6 }5 b) L
¡¡¡¡(C) There are few first-year students living there./ A9 I% A& b- N" a% y3 M5 V& ~" ~
¡¡¡¡(D) It's older than the other dormitories., M$ l# J! z& L! f! \* d$ A2 M
¡¡¡¡34. (A) They bring too many things with them., n/ f7 k9 \/ ]$ J" m
¡¡¡¡(B) They waste their time.) U$ D/ ]( }! g* V8 x
¡¡¡¡(C) They don't familiarize themselves with the campus P* f; B" |% R/ W$ d) g
¡¡¡¡(D) They don't make realistic career plans., p& H3 y Z4 L" T% {. z4 O* O* i' v
¡¡¡¡35. (A) Judging people's behavior.2 I" |6 n9 M q! G
¡¡¡¡(B) Common causes of anger.
/ G2 ?0 z* Q3 Q5 W2 `6 i8 t1 _" k¡¡¡¡(C) Changing people's attitudes.3 y; V) ^2 J; S0 c% U
¡¡¡¡(D) The effects of negative behavior.
# D' H8 V' Q6 b& R5 J" y¡¡¡¡36. (A) When they're unable to control the person's behavior.
3 s4 C9 c& o/ H0 O% i4 W¡¡¡¡(B) When the causes of the behavior are obvious.
3 n9 A2 ~8 {2 `¡¡¡¡(C) When the consequences of the behavior are unpleasant.$ U ?, P7 M' P. j% `
¡¡¡¡(D) When the behavior is expected.
& m% o3 \/ N8 \: k¡¡¡¡37. (A) It's not always clear why people behave in certain ways.! r- J9 y6 ?) t7 T" f
¡¡¡¡(B) People usually blame others for their mistakes.
4 x) N& {5 g8 X, t/ z4 m% s¡¡¡¡(C) Certain conditions cause drivers to behave strangely.
+ w C" x( h8 F& Z4 e: j¡¡¡¡(D) The reason for some behavior is obvious.
( a1 P" T! q+ M% O/ R) Y: s¡¡¡¡38. (A) They usually accept responsibility.# r- q5 @7 }. J7 t
¡¡¡¡(B) They blame factors beyond their control7 I; |* J$ s+ z' r" O
¡¡¡¡(C) They complain about their personal problems.
/ G& } ^/ @- u' ~8 a# H- T, h¡¡¡¡(D) They compare their behavior to the behavior of others.8 v X1 c3 Y# N9 x' i( K
¡¡¡¡39. (A) Settlement patterns in desert.5 L% o% K/ I$ ~3 M" A
¡¡¡¡(B) Causes of desertification.% V( k& o" G# T$ l7 B
¡¡¡¡(C) Plant adaptation to desert conditions.; H4 E: @6 e. t$ q- |! x) L% f& D
¡¡¡¡(D) Regions most affected by desertification./ d0 K0 _; X# e
¡¡¡¡40. (A) It receives more nutrients than it can absorb." {" q" E" F6 c. |: ?$ `$ B
¡¡¡¡(B) It becomes oversaturated with water.
1 j; O: F9 @5 _* _& Z L5 Y, k! O/ f# E¡¡¡¡(C) It loses the ability to support insect life.
, N0 f9 s# K/ X5 A, N3 o$ l¡¡¡¡(D) It loses nutrients that aren't replaced.- ]. Y1 p- n7 q. Q* u* m3 G
¡¡¡¡41. (A) Too many animals eating the plants in one small area.% a, Y! t! V0 |! a3 U
¡¡¡¡(B) Planting too much vegetation in one small area." @3 q* L2 d" e5 S
¡¡¡¡(C) Too many people building houses in one small area.
& y5 U, J7 ?9 [/ \7 r- Y¡¡¡¡(D) Bringing together the wrong kinds of animals and plants.
! p9 k' s6 ]0 N6 @0 E/ q1 E5 ]2 j¡¡¡¡42. (A) The animals overfertilize the soil.6 d) P F+ h6 W
¡¡¡¡(B) Dead plant roots can't hold the soil together.
" f5 j- h V! P& X& Q" G. d¡¡¡¡(C) The wrong types of plants are left standing.
9 N4 r- F% N0 ]7 E+ `" `7 S¡¡¡¡(D) There is a buildup of plant and animal matter.6 |2 N3 }' e4 C: C. K& H- d
¡¡¡¡43. (A) It can cause flooding in an
2 t$ x' g( z; R0 S& W- ~¡¡¡¡(B) It can carry diseases that affect animals.
" L& h( t0 i1 }* \5 t3 k¡¡¡¡(C) It can introduce too much salt into the soil.4 R/ M/ v$ H0 Z6 V3 `
¡¡¡¡(D) It can divert water from important crops.# L8 C7 Y+ N- m6 O) @; h* ^
¡¡¡¡44. (A) A possible explanation for why green turtles nest in certain locations.
; }( d F- R+ @/ I8 n+ F: n6 w¡¡¡¡(B) Physical differences among various groups of green turtles.5 `5 a" Z9 Z) H
¡¡¡¡(C) Several examples of mating behavior in green turtles.& ^9 h! z- |1 C& d
¡¡¡¡(D) The impact of continental drift on the diet of green turtles.+ \: _+ q8 s V1 h. `' I! K
¡¡¡¡45. (A) Teach their young how to swim.
5 ]& n' B/ m& q¡¡¡¡(B) Mate and lay eggs.
$ w! A1 a* v& c0 c9 W" \, d¡¡¡¡(C) Hide from predators.. H; i1 S" d# e0 l& P6 N n
¡¡¡¡(D) Eat different kinds of fish.
$ Z" _6 M1 S! p: e7 m+ v$ p¡¡¡¡46. (A) Its geography is similar to Brazil's.% |6 m2 `7 S: s
¡¡¡¡(B) Their instinct leads them to the place they were hatched.
- U, g; K/ T% F¡¡¡¡(C) There are other species of turtles located there." t: _4 @( v. C E
¡¡¡¡(D) Its climate is milder than Brazil's.) M$ u5 D6 w4 {) p; }9 m
¡¡¡¡47. (A) To discover how long their ancestors lived.
# ]" L6 s7 p3 }3 z¡¡¡¡(B) To analyze how their appearance has evolved.; h4 [$ B4 L$ v5 `; y2 @
¡¡¡¡(C) To find out how a disease has spread0 b9 V$ v2 O, Y. U& y$ M8 l8 x- N
¡¡¡¡(D) To determine how closely groups of turtles are related.
$ R- W$ Q# N7 B8 P" [' }6 z¡¡¡¡48. (A) To demonstrate George Washington's survival skills.
) g, u% X; I- c: p. n V¡¡¡¡(B) To show that some stories about famous people may be historically inaccurate.5 B7 z% [& F }6 L0 I- P5 H
¡¡¡¡(C) To describe a historical event that was portrayed in a painting.
! z9 L9 |9 l! ^) |4 q¡¡¡¡(D) To tell a story that George Washington told about himself.; F1 t) {% y* H8 v/ F" j
¡¡¡¡49. (A) She led her tribe to victory against the colonists$ a; j J! M5 k- u9 _% i
¡¡¡¡(B) She was considered to be extremely beautiful. B$ U' V. D$ e" f( J7 x
¡¡¡¡(C) She created popular American Indian art.
8 \$ h6 Y2 G7 m2 h ?¡¡¡¡(D) She helped establish peace between her tribe and the colonists
! L. s- }' @- `7 ~¡¡¡¡50. (A) They have only recently been discovered.+ e; }+ {& @ p2 d* i6 s `
¡¡¡¡(B) They were painted by the colonists who knew her.
; F# }) ?1 v6 u1 {7 d¡¡¡¡(C) Most of them portray her as a child.
' `; A$ d0 _4 L! ~6 G/ M¡¡¡¡(D) They might not reflect her true appearance. q" {6 y* ~/ R9 R$ z; \& }9 r: J- r4 `: g
¡¡¡¡Section Two: Structure and Written Expression0 L/ [+ \5 V. C0 Z& j
¡¡¡¡1. crumbles readily when exposed to a moist, acid atmosphere, but the stone is durable in a dry atmosphere.4 D3 F' c0 k; ~# K. X) |
¡¡¡¡(A) The surface of marble is
! ]; W! o' v# I5 ^* s: h+ v¡¡¡¡(B) The surface of marble, which
# j8 S, K% X1 @& \. N¡¡¡¡(C) Although the surface of marble
7 z8 v0 j: F9 T D1 I2 _) P# T* r¡¡¡¡(D) The surface of marble
$ b7 {' K6 x H8 e( f0 D- E¡¡¡¡2. By using their trunks, elephants can tell the shape of an object and is rough or smooth, or hot or cold.1 Y6 H+ R/ h2 M3 `
¡¡¡¡(A) it8 L& o; n8 {4 b/ \ M- _! o
¡¡¡¡(B) whether it
9 I5 p. K" E6 I7 ~- l¡¡¡¡(C) how
5 B5 O e4 Z3 Q8 [! K¡¡¡¡(D) since it
; {2 G4 P$ |0 h4 O¡¡¡¡3. In 1989 Carret Hongo was chosen as for the Pulitzer Prize in poetry.
' P9 h0 ]( R+ r2 L6 Q" S¡¡¡¡(A) his being one of the finalists
% x8 I, o) E0 z, _¡¡¡¡(B) to be one of the finalists
6 P5 B: H( K3 Z; X3 j; S¡¡¡¡(C) one of the finalists
0 d2 ~# \% Q, F1 S, y q) ]¡¡¡¡(D) the one finalist who
$ t! k3 I! u8 d. x$ K2 V¡¡¡¡4. The Moon is much closer to Earth is the Sun, and thus it had greater influence on the tides.
! h- @3 H/ ~6 N6 N5 `0 w/ ~3 s c¡¡¡¡(A) unlike/ b) B) l( y4 n! J+ G* V5 E# w; r
¡¡¡¡(B) than$ t9 w9 \; V7 W$ g: A, y
¡¡¡¡(C) but! \+ y1 s8 q( C% v j9 [! V. L
¡¡¡¡(D) where1 V+ c8 Y3 J4 N& G# o, ~* F
¡¡¡¡5. The brain of an average adult is one of the largest organs of the body, about three pounds.
/ X0 y" y7 Z" M" X( U. V# E¡¡¡¡(A) weighs
1 t. A+ W# I% E& V; W& X# O¡¡¡¡(B) is weighed
8 K2 z) N# V3 h5 V" H7 R¡¡¡¡(C) weighing" |# A, e0 f7 I9 ^% W
¡¡¡¡(D) to weigh it
0 z& @& Z4 I' ~6 }# l* \% c¡¡¡¡6. Throughout history different representations for numbers and for the basic process of counting.; h" K( N+ Z1 p$ Z
¡¡¡¡(A) have been many0 G% A6 V! m& @8 N
¡¡¡¡(B) there have been many c, z9 k! G0 s1 A
¡¡¡¡(C) many
9 t. Z3 K1 c+ n! [+ k¡¡¡¡(D) when many c" H, `/ L: z0 B' E. f2 H
¡¡¡¡7. Democratic governments constantly face the problem of balancing the individual with the needs of society.
3 i# ]* u2 W5 a5 N¡¡¡¡(A) the rights of
, p( ]: g' \( r, G! {3 a! b¡¡¡¡(B) to the rights for
9 P" j: e* \9 ~5 V0 o, f ~¡¡¡¡(C) for the rights to
+ Y/ `. E* L1 u7 p) N' V¡¡¡¡(D) with the rights by
4 L$ I6 m: o# f1 p' b6 ]¡¡¡¡8. Connecticut was the fifth of the original thirteen states the Constitution of the United States.
`' N" f) Z4 X" l¡¡¡¡(A) ratified
8 l! A3 u- A3 }+ L4 A, J¡¡¡¡(B) ratify: S/ Y- u4 E/ \3 e8 ?, z
¡¡¡¡(C) to ratify
L# _& b# j8 j5 r8 [ E( z; S¡¡¡¡(D) have ratified
% I% H% ^ b( I( z9 C n2 k¡¡¡¡9. The chemical composition of sandstone is the same as: A0 R# m" w; A4 \6 p# Q
¡¡¡¡(A) that of sand, s! h% S& W3 e. B
¡¡¡¡(B) that sand is$ _5 K+ ]. P# L1 ]6 u. V. ]9 l% q. J
¡¡¡¡(C) sand is that/ w& q1 D$ e; k1 G# u3 `3 |8 e! P
¡¡¡¡(D) what of sand# E9 G* g/ _! F
¡¡¡¡10. Hydrofoils can exceed 75 miles per hour, as compared with conventional watercraft, whose maximum speeds approach 50 miles per hour.: T) I. k; J' B9 i' I Z" e Q5 F0 `
¡¡¡¡(A) are rarely
% p+ v7 _& D& e L# P# z" I¡¡¡¡(B) rarely
9 A# V$ F# n8 U a. \¡¡¡¡(C) of rarely$ l5 y6 N2 Z( n' T5 h; k: x
¡¡¡¡(D) they rarely+ F& Z6 N1 I5 q& T/ u; x; W8 d
¡¡¡¡11. It was novelist and poet in 1968 founded Jackson State University's Institute for the Study of the History, Life, and Culture of Black People.
+ z/ l$ J) J$ E* G¡¡¡¡(A) Margaret Walker did
1 m, I. r3 C6 k, g L0 C# q. f$ v# w, _¡¡¡¡(B) Margaret Walker
4 ?7 F* |) j" `8 A8 f& m¡¡¡¡(C) Margaret Walker who( U+ F7 n1 o9 Y2 P- N
¡¡¡¡(D) Margaret Walker and- p+ _% u" |# s- E* }
¡¡¡¡12. Before the Europeans arrived, American Indians were using virgin copper into ornaments, knives, and other artifacts.
) {6 b, f$ y8 u( t¡¡¡¡(A) Which was hammering0 G6 H: O9 c, L/ o
¡¡¡¡(B) which hammered7 b2 q4 A2 f$ ^ q
¡¡¡¡(C) was hammered
& j# ^* r! V' P; \3 c: W¡¡¡¡(D) hammered' M- B: z5 i, x3 I: p. Z
¡¡¡¡13. In western North America, form the Great Divide, which separates the areas from which waters flow either eastward to the Atlantic or westward to the Pacific.1 s5 l( J% Y: F6 Y; B- v k; T
¡¡¡¡(A) the Rocky Mountains
# G8 {9 S- Y9 R¡¡¡¡(B) where the Rocky Mountains) _4 w8 ~3 e& l- s! B" h( w+ ~
¡¡¡¡(C) the Rocky Mountains in which; E4 v# G7 D% a2 h/ B9 v3 X' f
¡¡¡¡(D) there are the Rocky Mountains
: G# v) z% ~) f3 N5 d$ N. K7 H¡¡¡¡14. Some ecologists believe more than 50 percent of existing species will be lost in the next 100 years.3 w+ F/ Q" s. W: _7 l8 ^; j& @2 o
¡¡¡¡(A) because9 R' \' k" ]8 c# u: h8 _) x
¡¡¡¡(B) that' s' q8 _- z/ T
¡¡¡¡(C) while there is! P( B' p/ B9 \5 b) D1 s! j4 Y$ H
¡¡¡¡(D) that there are
8 R: S* O- N, E' S% F! \! ]¡¡¡¡15. Almost substances expand in volume when heated and contract when cooled.; r" J5 {) H, r4 f; \
¡¡¡¡(A) all* M i# e" v4 v1 M0 N2 W
¡¡¡¡(B) they all
, \5 X% E. t) e/ C1 z* I5 D¡¡¡¡(C) all of
" t0 h \+ Q. B¡¡¡¡(D) all are# S2 {9 E( v/ K, Y8 i% u
¡¡¡¡16. A children's librarian often conducts story hours and other activities to help children; |2 [1 F4 g0 ?/ q# |
¡¡¡¡A B
. r1 ]# L4 ^' D5 _2 a¡¡¡¡enjoy herself while developing an interest in reading and the library's resources.# u2 L# Q, B/ _. Z! Q& F' ?6 L
¡¡¡¡C D
) k a" q5 r8 r( n* d¡¡¡¡17. Titanium has the strength of steel but weighs half only as much, hence its advantage
' g- B8 ]9 n5 o¡¡¡¡A B C
& } a" E0 a' [2 \$ H¡¡¡¡for use in aircraft.9 h, s6 [$ W) i! f# c
¡¡¡¡D* S% t9 U' H$ h: q1 D
¡¡¡¡18. Protective behaviors of amphibians include hiding in the presence of danger and t0 Y! k) ]) y% \
¡¡¡¡A B! N: _/ B b; b; O
¡¡¡¡having coloration such closely matching the environment that the animal is not7 k! F# j+ q7 v0 @4 H. \) J. D. O8 F
¡¡¡¡C D
* q' g3 z( Q% H$ b( D3 y¡¡¡¡obvious.
* M7 b2 {: d* v$ M, f' C0 B4 ?, B8 a¡¡¡¡19. As the highest-paid star of the silent screen, earning a reputedly income of $20, 000
* c" }9 E6 t4 z" l& g9 \( @¡¡¡¡A B C
2 g( S) r# _. X1 j( d# L% ~; E¡¡¡¡a week, Gloria Swanson epitomized the glamour of Hollywood in the 1920's.
3 d. o, D; }0 b¡¡¡¡D
7 M- K% j4 j* l¡¡¡¡20. Candles may be made by repeatedly dipping wicks in tallow, by molding, nor by
$ e: h: g, y6 l! x! H¡¡¡¡A B
: F0 i& r! u+ z" {¡¡¡¡pouring melted wax over the wicks and rolling them into shape.
1 \" X8 [ B# b f& X/ h¡¡¡¡C D7 H0 C! M9 a* [- ^3 l1 `
¡¡¡¡21. While models of automobiles date back as far as the late 1600's, the 1880's
0 x2 K2 N3 Z" x' [; m+ E5 T¡¡¡¡A B
: I6 f x9 ^# U; u- ]¡¡¡¡seen the first commercial interest in the vehicle.
) l3 p' Q& i+ t2 N7 Q9 j¡¡¡¡C D6 b$ K9 Z- L$ X
¡¡¡¡22. The conceptual of musical harmony is generally traced to the ninth century because
9 u% z2 D8 O8 V/ w¡¡¡¡A B C% c- R: d" h( C2 U; q# R
¡¡¡¡it is first mentioned in treatises of that period.! k! F' I: Q5 s% h, A
¡¡¡¡D R8 |* q" z M X# ]* y
¡¡¡¡23. Palcontologists have examined fossil embryos and hatchlings from three type of
6 ]6 y U5 O0 q¡¡¡¡A B C
: V" J+ Q- m6 l* S; q¡¡¡¡duck-billed dinosaurs to figure out how they matured.
2 g, w7 Q, z7 g* _& a; U/ i, V¡¡¡¡D
4 }& X# H' }! |( ^- i¡¡¡¡24. Lightning tends to strike the nearest good conductor, and hence often strikes) J# f, R1 ~# a- j: A# u7 a
¡¡¡¡A B
% y) C' V5 r! k" S" y( j4 J¡¡¡¡in same place more than once.8 z& Y4 H- f1 g) F9 d. l' A
¡¡¡¡C D
" C' R8 t6 \: k6 u¡¡¡¡25. When study different cultures and societies, anthropologists often focus on marriage% S, m8 V: w5 L% X7 t5 W: B
¡¡¡¡A B
) G+ u% ]$ G% ^1 i( t+ [6 C. N¡¡¡¡as a contractual agreement between different parties.' A/ P( r7 |( V6 r" F2 R
¡¡¡¡C D
& o& t8 w( d4 ~¡¡¡¡26. The first piloted balloon flight across the Atlantic Ocean took place at 1978.
& C( S5 I: h& C* {0 a2 a: H6 ^¡¡¡¡A B C D# Y- Q( Q& C8 i' M
¡¡¡¡27. The Arts and Crafts Movement of the late nineteenth century strove to revitalizing2 G$ ]9 q% ?$ o$ i7 e: }' g
¡¡¡¡A
1 D/ V3 q* _8 m2 y7 X. p! ]8 V- T¡¡¡¡handicrafts and applied arts during an era of increasing mass production.
' `3 D$ [" f# m/ u5 E- X; N" l¡¡¡¡B C D6 P8 [+ p; l3 N8 E& p9 F/ ]3 A
¡¡¡¡28. When canned using proper methods, food suffers no loss in vitamins or another& `' {% ~( U' a8 f+ _
¡¡¡¡A B C D7 R/ W; c# c* c( j
¡¡¡¡nutritive elements.! k/ I7 F. Q) x4 ?" O# l
¡¡¡¡29. Heat exhaustion is causing by excessive loss of body fluids and body salts.) P3 C9 q1 r" y2 N" e( U4 t
¡¡¡¡A B C D
. q5 s) @3 n) U8 u: R. ]" m! F U% |¡¡¡¡30. Primitive humans probably did not deliberately cook food until long after they had
% M' e5 ?2 G7 N* {% g¡¡¡¡A B
) q9 c& @# N: ~¡¡¡¡learned to use fire for light and warm.8 ?! ~/ [+ a% y2 H
¡¡¡¡C D" U, T9 T) s5 K. {/ f$ Z |( }
¡¡¡¡31. The poor condition of prisoners are what concerned Dorothea Dix, an American
5 P" y8 q8 ?5 L¡¡¡¡A B C7 D2 ]* F* _+ O% D
¡¡¡¡social worker and director of a school in Boston.
1 {( |, q% a2 c7 u- P3 x+ F7 z¡¡¡¡D- w0 i8 j& O# ?8 F5 L# J
¡¡¡¡32. Found in the shells of lobsters, shrimp, and crabs, glucosamine is also present
; [1 Q' Q" X4 Z¡¡¡¡A B C
# {" T0 s8 s( |# J! u¡¡¡¡in human cartilage, which covering the bones in joints. w, Z2 i7 O3 Y/ E' C/ z) z5 m8 X( Z
¡¡¡¡D2 L! ~% U) H* @2 t N" _& b
¡¡¡¡33. Between 1871 until 1891, the population of Toronto more than tripled, increasing9 F. P( ^8 ], X1 R* J( A5 F5 e
¡¡¡¡A B C
( k$ W1 Q, y6 |5 a+ W1 L¡¡¡¡from 56,000 to 181,000.
$ }) z: r2 i* l- s+ V# M" f¡¡¡¡D
! k2 F( p/ x( ]9 ?* c4 F& I¡¡¡¡34. In the nineteenth century, Montreal grew into an important transportation and
* k2 ~, y1 C! Z1 N¡¡¡¡A B
- z5 [6 ]6 J7 k- Y) l6 b¡¡¡¡industrial center, aided by its many natural resources and an abundant of
8 I7 d& U) t, B* g0 Q¡¡¡¡C D
( y% F# l2 d# f" t$ b% L% @- S¡¡¡¡hydroelectric power.
+ u) c7 U: d5 d2 ~¡¡¡¡35. In the initial planning for theaters, auditoriums, but any room intended primarily A3 q. r$ e4 J' |
¡¡¡¡A B C
|; g. u% d+ v( X& m. M2 }¡¡¡¡for listening, acoustics is a major consideration.( S% u% Z' M+ A6 K0 z4 r, B
¡¡¡¡D
# {% {; @( H* ~5 W/ ?5 l¡¡¡¡36. The pulse that may be felt wherever an artery passes over a solid structure, such as6 ?- G k7 v- S/ M; D
¡¡¡¡A B C
5 I& S1 J/ A* O( o# s¡¡¡¡a bone or cartilage." ?2 K% t$ H5 I" a3 M
¡¡¡¡D
- N2 t1 `- _- q¡¡¡¡37. Through his essays, poems, and lectures, Ralph Waldo Emerson established himself, ^. K7 S4 p9 J8 y; Y. l5 z
¡¡¡¡A B0 c$ V! [3 U: O m: M1 S3 H
¡¡¡¡as a major thinker of his time and as a figure leading of American literature.3 l4 V$ Q: l* e- N, R& x& @5 x0 G
¡¡¡¡C D
0 M$ J2 |& D- |4 {/ l7 n, h# U4 [¡¡¡¡38. The "method", which is both a style of acting a system of training for the actor,
8 _$ l: x- {) p" g¡¡¡¡A B. }1 H. H. G/ @2 ~% k; i
¡¡¡¡stresses inner motivation and psychological truth.2 k+ X' v7 G. V9 k" @' y
¡¡¡¡C D
; [! p8 w* D+ ]+ q, K/ e¡¡¡¡39. On September 6, 1996, civil rights activist Rosa Parks was awarded the Presidential( g( U1 g$ Q$ V5 x$ a1 Q1 ]
¡¡¡¡A B) `$ [* Z5 I! t$ M# W
¡¡¡¡Medal of Freedom, the highest honor the United States government gives to civilian.
+ N2 v5 I: _# f$ B- r4 N+ E¡¡¡¡C D2 F* V1 _/ w) @) r( @9 [( _8 t
¡¡¡¡40. Basalt, which composes most of the ocean floor, is a dark-grey rock rich in iron# m; P. H, n. {
¡¡¡¡A B C D7 ?# t# `+ [. P0 V5 \3 v9 Z; k
¡¡¡¡and magnesium than most surface rocks.* U; n: L! ^! F8 \; c
¡¡¡¡Section Three: Reading Comprehension, O- S% e. _+ U5 J( i
¡¡¡¡Question 1-102 h' R! b2 I) x' |+ Z# Z# n4 e$ p3 {
¡¡¡¡By far the most important United States export product in the eighteenth and
$ C3 G: {( X, Q¡¡¡¡nineteenth centuries was cotton, favored by the European textile industry over flax or
% v: @# W1 }5 z, t4 y1 p+ h¡¡¡¡wool because it was easy to process and soft to tile touch. Mechanization of spinning
5 e( u O" L/ w% K/ v& q+ S¡¡¡¡Line and weaving allowed significant centralization and expansion in the textile industry during, \* d' T) L7 l; V* V
¡¡¡¡5 this period, and at the same time the demand for cotton increased dramatically. American
# K# G! a; _) x, V¡¡¡¡producers were able to meet this demand largely because of tile invention of the cotton gin
9 j5 U& T# l9 D# [6 @* c¡¡¡¡by Eli Whitney in 1793. Cotton could be grown throughout the South, but separating the
* q# n. E& \" s5 ]( W¡¡¡¡fiber---or lint--from the seed was a laborious process. Sea island cotton was relatively! ^0 Q% X- j p! P( X0 u. j1 ]: }
¡¡¡¡easy to process by hand, because its fibers were long and seeds were concentrated at the1 ?& X# [ A& [* k
¡¡¡¡10 base of the flower, but it demanded a long growing season, available only along the
# v$ |- E6 {/ E! n; F¡¡¡¡nation's eastern seacoast. Short-staple cotton required a much shorter growing season,
1 R/ |) M/ C" m3 z% J, D m6 U¡¡¡¡but the shortness of the fibers and their mixture with seeds meant that a worker could
# c; a& |2 Y" ^+ {3 Z# h) ^% r0 L¡¡¡¡hand-process only about one pound per day. Whitney's gin was a hand-powered machine
0 y/ Z, n" j, r4 Y8 r- g; i2 Y( @¡¡¡¡with revolving drums and metal teeth to pull cotton fibers away from seeds. Using the gin,' Q3 p( C9 s9 {
¡¡¡¡15 a worker could produce up to '50 pounds of lint a day. The later development of larger
% T% d- d% q4 P4 h9 G4 I¡¡¡¡gins, powered by horses, water, or steam, multiplied productivity further.( x8 a. V4 A. Q8 u+ H) Z
¡¡¡¡The interaction of improved processing and high demand led to the rapid spread of+ Q! | |/ e4 o8 r: a0 @
¡¡¡¡the cultivation of cotton and to a surge in production. It became the main American
5 s: C$ \. o4 N# ]$ C- ?& P- Y¡¡¡¡export, dwarfing all others. In 1802, cotton composed 14 percent of total American
& u" @2 ]! j" p1 _( X# ]* B5 ]0 l¡¡¡¡20 exports by value. Cotton had a 36 percent share by 1810 and over a 50 percent share6 n* r5 J1 Q5 `; y. B. u1 p
¡¡¡¡in 1830. In 1860, 61 percent of the value of American exports was represented by cotton.
8 z, j+ l/ v7 {/ e$ e+ b¡¡¡¡In contrast, wheat and wheat flour composed only 6 percent of the value of American
' `" e* {8 c. h! [& B¡¡¡¡exports in that year. Clearly, cotton was king in the trade of the young republic. The( ]6 b+ A6 f3 H$ k& E+ p- ]
¡¡¡¡growing market for cotton and other American agricultural products led to an3 L3 L" j2 t% w0 |
¡¡¡¡25 unprecedented expansion of agricultural settlement, mostly in the eastern half of the
3 a; ~4 H8 s+ e. Y# ~¡¡¡¡United States---west of the Appalachian Mountains and east of the Mississippi River.
6 a6 S$ O7 a( g s" {* A# i¡¡¡¡1. The main point of the passage is that the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries were a time when" r3 f( u. d5 A+ G* }
¡¡¡¡(A) the European textile industry increased its demand for American export products( f: M# X- ]$ L3 }$ l
¡¡¡¡(B) mechanization of spinning and weaving dramatically changed the textile industry, z, @$ z# O7 _) q/ \+ ^, S5 [" [
¡¡¡¡(C) cotton became a profitable crop but was still time-consuming to process
3 S d: J9 T5 ~2 k. }6 ]9 s" k¡¡¡¡(D) cotton became the most important American export product8 [( k& N% \) i) ~0 c
¡¡¡¡2. The word "favored" in line 2 is closest in meaning to
& x, y( d6 Y7 h" Q3 V: Z¡¡¡¡(A) preferred
( u' @0 Z$ N G* B7 \¡¡¡¡(B) recommended+ ^2 k" t0 C* k8 t
¡¡¡¡(C) imported
6 i# R1 ?6 E4 w( y, x8 I: u/ v9 n4 D¡¡¡¡(D) included1 v; y6 v$ C# G! W$ t/ B
¡¡¡¡3. All of the following are mentioned in the passage as reasons for the increased demand for9 L4 Q$ T m8 r1 i
¡¡¡¡cotton EXCEPT
$ J5 k8 i9 P# m8 e/ L. r$ X¡¡¡¡(A) cotton's softness+ k0 T6 n: k1 ]
¡¡¡¡(B) cotton's ease of processing
. N/ m& k, q. q% K1 j/ y& J! O¡¡¡¡(C) a shortage of flax and wool' A; ^) f+ t- \: A
¡¡¡¡(D) the growth that occurred in the textile industry.; x4 E& F1 F; o, v1 V8 ^
¡¡¡¡4. The word "laborious" in line 8 is closest in meaning to
; {$ f% u0 }: ]9 Y& q3 r2 C* J¡¡¡¡(A) unfamiliar
7 b, ]: B* `+ f; ]: s¡¡¡¡(B) primitive7 n+ y6 z. S8 A
¡¡¡¡(C) skilled
/ N( w- t- z) }, v! A¡¡¡¡(D) difficult
- w) }, [' h& f9 S. x' n0 U¡¡¡¡5. According to the passage, one advantage of sea island cotton was its
0 V3 B" a4 ]* u# w( n2 b3 P! v¡¡¡¡(A) abundance of seeds* O% G/ w9 M+ P1 t" |: |9 r7 _
¡¡¡¡(B) long fibers8 {! O8 n& P& s8 Q% T3 \
¡¡¡¡(C) long growing season$ l1 A9 k8 z& ]" f& a: D- H
¡¡¡¡(D) adaptability to different climates8 k+ M- t3 ]/ j* J2 K* X8 T
¡¡¡¡6. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about cotton production in the United% L8 J3 P$ o' V9 J
¡¡¡¡States after the introduction of Whitney's cotton gin?2 p& W# ]8 D, m8 @/ o1 x
¡¡¡¡(A) More cotton came from sea island cotton plants than before./ t7 M( g; V( ~& j3 g) x2 n7 i
¡¡¡¡(B) More cotton came from short-staple cotton plants than before. M* B( n1 l* p! X
¡¡¡¡(C) Most cotton produced was sold domestically.
" c( x( a! A) p$ I¡¡¡¡(D) Most cotton produced was exported to England.
! Z* \6 g6 Q) q: f3 |¡¡¡¡7. The word "surge" in line 18 is closest in meaning to3 T% X5 T/ D9 l% c/ b1 O+ ] T
¡¡¡¡(A) sharp increase
- o& s7 {; ~& r1 T: }* d¡¡¡¡(B) sudden stop
$ y" m% @: v4 q( j¡¡¡¡(C) important change
# w9 Z+ u8 A6 K ~; p9 l¡¡¡¡(D) excess amount
" x' q p6 l3 l% b; f¡¡¡¡8. The author mentions "wheat and wheat flour" in line 22 in order to
; U. T" M8 l- A7 y# m" ^3 e0 e¡¡¡¡(A) show that Americans exported more agricultural products than they imported.
7 g) i: ?6 l- v; m' \¡¡¡¡(B) show the increase in the amount of wheat products exported.
' y% M/ ]3 Z! }5 S¡¡¡¡(C) demonstrate the importance of cotton among American export products.
" p+ {8 ~/ N5 s& w! G8 q% E¡¡¡¡(D) demonstrate that wheat farming was becoming more profitable.* r" I4 `# m' a; D
¡¡¡¡9. The word "unprecedented" in line 25 is closest in meaning to
& L/ k: B& G4 j/ g9 W¡¡¡¡(A) slow, ]" ^" L! _+ w" }/ I# v5 W
¡¡¡¡(B) profitable# o1 U( n$ g' \2 p d
¡¡¡¡(C) not seen before' t1 S4 E, T% X$ `0 B. a0 C6 l
¡¡¡¡(D) never explained, z8 Q( H0 z, g$ J( z
¡¡¡¡10. According to the passage, the Mississippi River was
. |4 k- x5 j0 f5 W/ U) I1 V¡¡¡¡(A) one of the boundaries of a region where new agricultural settlement took place% r8 d9 } j5 Y; C& e# V
¡¡¡¡(B) a major source of water for agricultural crops
/ U. S: }; n4 K" n8 K5 j¡¡¡¡(C) the primary route by which agricultural crops were transported
- h3 X4 C' b' {. `8 n6 X¡¡¡¡(D) a main source of power for most agricultural machinery$ V1 |" S2 Z4 x- Y8 [3 B& d9 c4 m8 @
¡¡¡¡Question 11-19
* H& ^* m1 F" `& G8 w3 n$ R$ M/ V¡¡¡¡The origins of nest-building remain obscure, but current observation of nest-building" g5 y) @% [6 p8 P* K6 T
¡¡¡¡activities provide evidence of their evolution. Clues to this evolutionary process can be
0 k" C" Q) }2 z7 H3 r. u¡¡¡¡found in the activities of play and in the behavior and movements of birds during mating,) x& f6 g* n7 {
¡¡¡¡Line such as incessant pulling at strips of vegetation or scraping of the soil. During the early
4 l4 \& j+ `: l5 V% c¡¡¡¡5 days of the reproductive cycle, the birds seem only to play with the building materials. In
. m' I9 i$ D* L) m3 U¡¡¡¡preparation for mating, they engage in activities that resemble nest-building, and continue2 T. C2 d9 V- R; @& i
¡¡¡¡these activities throughout and even after the mating cycle. Effective attempts at construction3 a1 [ [: g1 O6 E: y9 U
¡¡¡¡occur only after mating.; y( @1 A4 p; k9 s/ {2 R
¡¡¡¡Although nest-building is an instinctive ability, there is considerable adaptability in& T2 y3 w/ k, `- k* B) }' V
¡¡¡¡10 both site selection and use of materials, especially with those species which build quite2 q/ d& _$ U7 X1 o
¡¡¡¡elaborate constructions. Furthermore, some element of learning is often evident since
9 U6 l1 H; b1 S4 Y' x¡¡¡¡younger birds do not build as well as their practiced elders. Young ravens, for example,
( E0 I, \" L, i3 T9 e* U* L- `9 {) W¡¡¡¡first attempt to build with sticks of quite unsuitable size, while a jackdaw's first nest
}( Q) b S8 U7 W¡¡¡¡includes virtually any movable object. The novelist John Steinbeck recorded the contents
4 M* \' r6 F+ [" ]¡¡¡¡15 of a young osprey nest built in his garden, which included three shirts, a bath towel, and
7 }8 t4 k: }0 W' I5 J¡¡¡¡one arrow.
4 x$ E' n. k% X6 [/ e# F9 y( ^8 r3 S¡¡¡¡Birds also display remarkable behavior in collecting building materials. Crows have
! Y( F, ^' o, C, p0 d¡¡¡¡been seen to tear off stout green twigs, and sparrowhawks will dive purposefully onto a
; \7 c e) B' W+ z, Z; Y) t¡¡¡¡branch until it snaps and then hang upside down to break it off. Golden eagles, over
$ r, Q$ p% Y& N7 c2 {¡¡¡¡20 generations of work, construct enormous nests. One of these, examined after it had been9 E" W- R; C& `5 m7 s" g
¡¡¡¡dislodged by high winds, weighed almost two tons and included foundation branches
5 v! B5 U5 B+ i3 {¡¡¡¡almost two meters long. The carrying capacity of the eagles, however, is only relative to" A4 X! ?6 ^. b
¡¡¡¡their size ant1 most birds are able to carry an extra load of just over twenty percent of their
) u' \7 M8 \- F1 N |¡¡¡¡body weight. |
|