托福语法指导－分词及真题要点解析

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　　分词是TOEEL必考内容，在历届试题中均占相当大的比例。分词的命题形式非常广泛。平均分布在written Expressions 和structure两部分。有时，即使分词不是题目焦点，但对分词的正确分析则可以帮助考生选择正确的答案。分词的命题要点集中在（1）分词的形容词特性、（2）分词短语作后置定语、（3） 现在分词和过去分词的主动与被动含义。
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　　分词常考题型及解题要点：来源：考试大

$ B& I% E0 ?7 U4 k! R　　1. 分词具有形容词特征，可单独作定语或表语。

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(1) The highly respect zoologist Ernest Just Joined the ruling board of the Marine Biological Laboratory in the 1930*s (93.1)
[答案] B 动词respect用来修饰后面的名词zoologist，故应改用分词respected形式，其作用相当于形容词作定语。

5 x# c. ^/ F1 T5 D(2) A patent gives inventors exclusive rights to their inventions for a fix period of time. (90.1)
[答] C 修饰保词period应用动词的分词形式，即fixed。来源：考试大
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(3) Characteristics of Op Art are the carefully arrange hues and geometric patterns that create optical illusions. (88.5)
1 Q5 o' r% [0 N[答案] A 修饰名词hues，应用分词形式arranged。
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9 ~$ p! b: Y. z9 q' r6 F  t(4) The question of the origin of the Moon is interest not only in itself but also as a part of the larger genesis of the earth and the solar system . (88.5)

0 |1 m! T5 i% h6 O+ C3 F[答案] B interest应用其分词interesting形式作表语，作用相当于一个形空词。
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　　2. 分词短语作定语，放置于中心名词后面
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, Z/ \3 g, F5 h; r　　解题要点 分词短语作后置定语在TOEEL考题中出现频率非常高。因而，考生务必熟记这一结构和用法。实际上，分词短语作后置定语。皆是定语从句的省略形式。
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5 e  m1 X. t2 R. i2 \& P　　全真例题分析来源：考试大
(1) The leaves and stems of the aifaifa plant are the only parts of the plant -------
(A) the uses for livestock feed
! g- g% t: d/ I0 @+ \: G8 b(B) for using livestock feed
(C) used for livestock feed来源：考试大
, b8 o8 O; Y  U/ h- J& _(D) they are used for livestock feed (93.1)
/ w  N1 K7 o  o7 w/ ~+ q[答案] C过去分词used + 介语短语组成的分词短语修饰前面的名词成分the only parts of the plant，作后置定语。此结构亦扩展为定语从句(that are ) used for livestock feed
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( J/ j6 C' D1 D! i5 ^. O(2) The slide rule used sliding scales with marks ------- numbers and their logarithms.
(A) representing来源：考试大
- ^: f; R$ s2 x& u(B) represented
(C) are represented来源：考试大
(D) they are representing (92.10)
- C" v9 s+ |( _- {+ u[答案] A 分词短语作名词marks的后置定语，作用相当于一个定语从句：which represent numbers and their logarithms。

(3) Earlg philosophers believe that the mind was divided into three faculties ------- s feeling ,intellect and will
( t( T& d; l, `5 V(A) to know来源：考试大
(B) known
5 _; D3 Q( z* f6 ~3 V+ S$ X0 R(C) knowing来源：考试大
(D) knew them (94.1)
! I$ Y8 ?2 c, u% }9 W$ i[答案] B分词短语known as…说明前面的名词three faculties。此结构可改写成定语从句。Which are known as…
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(4) The bison know for the hump over its shoulders is usually called a buffalo in North America. (91.1)
[答案] A 此句主语是The bison ,谓语是系词is ,划线A部分应当为分词短语，修饰名词The bison .A应改为known for。
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(5) Louisa May Alcott is chiefly remembered for Little Women. One of the most popular girls books ever wrote (88.5)
9 Z9 F0 [' s2 W9 M$ D[答案] D 修饰名词books应用分词生语ever written。
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0 d' ~1 d; B' @$ _# r3 j　　3. 分词短语作状语来源：考试大
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7 n+ [; |3 \% t　　解题要点 在句了意义非常清楚明确时，状语从句通常可以简略为分词短语，但有一个先决条件。此分词短语的逻辑主语应与句子的主语为同一人或物，此类分词短语通常置于句首。

& |% B, z9 \4 w- d/ j' R　　全真例题分析来源：考试大
+ \! n" {$ _; L' U4 r9 ~, }+ ~8 s(1) ------- as“the census taker of the sky”Annie Jump Cannon contributed considerably to the field of astronomy.
(A) Known
' W* y. Q4 t' ?& U(B) Knowing
(C) To known
# `9 U8 F1 c( n% c(D) Knowledge (92.5)
! ~+ V" s7 F( m# k1 u% `* P[答案] A 分词短语置于句首作表示身份的状语。它的逻辑主语即是句子的主语Annie Jump Cannon.

(2) ------- in 1635, the Boston Latin School is the oldest public school in the United States .
(A) Founded
(B) Founding
' o+ {! S% Q  c/ T/ N2 l* D(C) To found
(D) Having founded (92.1)
& |4 T" e6 M% F6 T[答案] A 分词短语表示时间，其逻辑主语即是句子主语The Boston Latin School.

$ h- h  K. T. I(3) ------- the constitution of the Cherokee Nation provided for a chief executive, a senate, and a house of representatives.
(A) In 1827 they drafted
3 z* W/ b5 P! V8 [& t* A(B) The draft in 1827
(C) In 1872 was drafted
: [- D$ I3 g$ @% @/ m  }(D) Drafted in 1827 (90.5)
1 }6 r7 A$ ^5 C0 K[答案] D分词短语作状语，表示时间。此结构可扩展为一状语从句；where the constitution of the Cherokee Nation was drafted in 1827 it provided for a chief executive a senate, and a house of representatives.
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2 t* m3 Q( p# B2 C, b8 u　　4. 现在分词表达主动的概念；过去分词表达被动的概念
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　　全真例题分析来源：考试大
(1) Tudging to be the best boxer of his time, sugar Ray Robinson lost only 3 out of 137 fights (94.1)
, F5 P/ s/ q6 v) b+ U[答案] A 此分词短语与其逻辑上的主语sugar Ray Robinson 是被动的关系（Sugar was judged to be…) 故应用过去词Tudped to be.
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) R& ^; Q4 U4 q( w4 @' r(2) During the Colonial days, the Iroquois had an agricultural economy basing mainly on corn with supplementary crops of pumpkins ,beans, and tobacco. (92.1)
[答案] B通常我们说to be based on ，这个短语表示被动概念（基于，以…为基础），所以应改用过去分词based。
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(3) Per capita income is a nation*s entire income dividing by the number of people in the nation. (90.10)
[答案] B根据句意及分词dividing后面的介词by，可以推断这个分词短语表达的是被动的概念，因此，应用过去分词divided by。
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(4) Clementine Hunter*s primitive paintings have been exhibited at various galleries. Included one at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington. D.C. (93.1)
[答案] D 分词in cluded与其逻辑的主语paintings并无被动的关系，不应用过去分词，应改为惯用现在分词短语in cluding + 名词宾语的结构