托福语法辅导：平行结构及真题要点解析

会计考友

　　1. 含并列连词and but or的平行结构
+ @- D+ h3 R% D* w! }0 e　　解题要点 当上述并列连词连接两项或多项对等成分时，这些成分必须同词性、同形式。特别注意出现三项以上（含三项）的并列成分，多是考试焦点。
/ z5 `/ y) ^  Q, [+ q( J+ E0 \　　全真例题分析
　　(1) Quartz may be transparency, translucent, or opaque, and it may be colorless or colored (91.5)
, G. c" o  N5 p/ b2 r' ]9 a　　[答案] A 并列连词or连接三项，其中两项为形容词translucent与opaque，故（A）应用形容词transparent与之并列。
7 {: J: h$ l" ~' @0 E$ I5 V5 Z　　(2) At the age of 94. Composer, conductor. Arranger. And acting Eva Jessye led her choral group in the first production of the opera porgy and Bess, written in 1935. (92.1)
7 W/ _' v( b9 a　　[答案] A 并列连词and连接四项表示身份职业的名词，故（A）动名词应改为actress。
　　(3) Atrophy is a decrease in size of a cell, organ, tissues, or other part of the body such as (91.10)
9 g# q6 H( e# i2 u& R/ G7 o2 o5 m5 J　　[答案] C 并列连词or连接四项名词结构，其中cell 和organ皆为单数形式，故（C）亦应改为单数tissue。
　　(4) Direct mail advertising serves to acquaint customers with Products, alert them to new opportunities, and paving the way for other sales activities (93.1)
+ |$ Y9 Q5 I+ z1 O. W　　[答案] C 并列连词and连接三项动宾结构，前两项均为动词原形，故（C）动名词亦应改为原形动词pave.
6 }7 K" r. D3 Y0 ?/ R) ^$ H　　(5) A majority of the reports received from people claiming to have seen the lengendaiy Loch Ness monster have proven to be mistakes, misconceptions, or they were being tricked. (93.10)
* k) x" a! R1 X0 m* A  X　　[答案] D 并列连词or连接三项成分。前两项均为名词，故（D）不应出现句子结构，而应改为名词tricks与前面的mistakes和misconceptions平行。
　　(6) The tongue is capable of many motions and configurations and plays vital rode in chewing, swallowed and speaking.
- t* T/ Y; ?3 F' B　　[答案] D 并列连词and连接三个单词。其中两项均为动名词，故（D）亦应改为动名词swallowing。
　　2. 比较级句型要求对比双方结构对等，比较范围相当。
$ T8 |: _' m8 O2 B4 a) ^　　全真列题分析
! T+ Y1 v8 p: L( A　　(1) Probably no man had more effcet on the daily lives of most people in the United States ------- Henry Ford. A pioneer in automobile production.
8 ~% {9 q( D3 r$ S; _　　(A) as was
2 K+ @$ A" Y4 T8 U　　(B) than was
! A- O% i' o: F, G　　(C) than did
　　(D) as did (92.8)
: F" I5 a6 v8 c+ A" V; F; e/ |　　[答案] C 比较句型 more…than 要求比较的双方结构相等。前项是实义动词的过去时形式had，故选（C）than did与之平行。
# Q3 Z0 H  u; i# O& R7 b　　(2) The state of Maine generally has cooler temperatures than -------
- Q' `- C/ q& t4 o  m  d6 J　　(A) there are most other states
　　(B) most other states which have
　　(C) most other states have
　　(D) having most other states (93.10)
　　[答案] C 这是标准的more…than比较句型。只有（C）的句子结构与相对比的前一项完全一致。
! q3 X1 h# a' A$ w' ]　　(3) The annual worth of Utah*s manufacturing is greater than-------
　　(A) that of its mining and farming combined
　　(B) mining and farming combination
/ o, f$ k) g5 W4 S$ j2 y- @/ {: F" f　　(C) that mining and farming combined
% W  }+ x% O! J  v& Z　　(D) of its combination mining and farming (91.8)
　　[答案] A 此句比较的是utah的年产值（the annual worth) （A）中that即代替了the annual worth，故前后比较的范围，内容一致。
" P1 H  ~/ y& s% g2 x　　(4) The activities of the international marketing researcher are frequently much broader than-------
  i1 H7 p0 d' ]　　(A) the domestic marketer has
! ?0 a4 z$ B; U9 m　　(B) the domestic marketer does
　　(C) those of the domestic marketer
8 U% ]" @, f3 h# D　　(D) that which has the domestic marketer (91.5)
: M9 f4 q6 _* e6 B; O　　[答案] C 此句比较的是国际市场研究者与国内市场研究者的活动（the activities) 为避免同词重复，用（C）those来代替前面的名词the activities ,因而对比双方比较的范围是平行相等的。
　　(5) Fructose is a monosaccharide sugar that is much sweeter -------
/ ?& c1 Q6 `, F' e　　(A) than cane sugar does
/ `" ]! m4 r$ V+ Q! @1 F　　(B) does cane sugar
　　(C) cane sugar
　　(D) than cane sugar (90.5)
　　[答案] D 此比较句型前半部分主系表结构，后半部不可出现助动词does（答案A及B），但可省略系词，如（D）。
　　3. 比较句型 the +比较级…the＋比较级要求前后结构相等。
" {2 G0 O5 h3 N: L* K; q- h　　全真例题分析
　　(1) The flatter a hair appears under a microscope ------- wavier it is.
3 ~: [3 s' n* G9 I0 S9 R: A. x　　(A) although
7 A! f* z' a  U" L　　(B) which
　　(C) and
$ P# E' y) k7 @; _8 @" q! y2 q　　(D) the (92.1)
　　[答案] D The flatter a hair appears 与（D）the wavier it is 是完全对等的结构。
　　比较级 主语 谓语动词 比较级 主语 系动词
+ Z# Z% ?2 z4 y& N　　(2) The less the surface of the ground yields to the weight of the body of a runner, ------- to the body.
　　(A) the stress it is greater
) z2 y7 v$ q. O, k0 P　　(B) greater is the stress
& a. Y4 y. _9 s/ m) H/ ?　　(C) greater stress is
4 J/ D0 [3 G* q5 ?' R2 K　　(D) the greater the stress (90.1)
- M: \, n3 ^# H" J) |8 H　　[答案] D The less the surface 与答案（D） the greater the stress 是完全对等的结构。
7 n. d; f" U6 a　　4. 语意上的平行结构
# z* I4 X! ]& n9 Q8 ^: X2 _　　解题要点 有一些词和短语表达比较的概念，尽管不是比较级句型，但同样要求前后对比双方同形式，同性质。
& ?( {, i6 h* `5 `　　全真例题分析
　　(1) Alexander Graham Bell once told his family that he would rather of the deaf ------- of the telephone.
+ k1 c. x" q6 `3 k/ U% B* ]- J　　(A) than inventing
; [; Z, a6 w/ a0 v　　(B) than as the inventor
　　(C) the invention
% \( H- A5 t: B' U$ ]7 e" y8 j　　(D) as the inventor (90.8)
3 o+ z- U9 M( i　　[答案] B 表示比较概念的短语would rather …than应使用平行结构。
　　(2) Thomas Jefferson*s achievements as an architect rival his contributions ------- a politician.
　　(A) such
* |* r0 q1 W9 P( M+ E+ l　　(B) more
' V+ X, A" X. S* ^! D9 R5 ]! a, K　　(C) as
8 M# O3 `* R/ k# x: j　　(D) than (90.1)
* P/ b6 l4 z6 @& h7 ?　　[答案] C 动词rival （比得上）要求比较二项结构相等。
　　(3) California*s agricultural supremacy dates from 1947. When its farm output first ------- any other state.
　　(A) that exceeded
　　(B) exceeded that
* H% P& q7 M# r3 O1 C1 ?7 j- Z　　(C) exceeded that of
& k% ]& l) i: _2 f/ m5 A　　(D) that exceeded of (92.10)
; u+ X# l# {& e: b6 W& S　　[答案] C 动词exceeded （超过）要求比较的内容相当。（C）代词that用以指代比较的内容“farm output”
7 D9 \" Q, ]1 w8 e5 p' ?8 p　　(4) It is common lcnowledge that a flash of lightning is seen before a clap of thunder heard . (93.5)
　　[答案] D 连词 be fore用以引出先后发生的两个动作。从句意上看。这两个动作是对比关系，故应用平行结构。（D）改为a clap of thunder is heard ,与a flash of lightning is seen 相平衡。